Rupp M, Walter N, Pfeifer C, Lang S, Kerschbaum M, Krutsch W, Baumann F, Alt V. The Incidence of Fractures Among the Adult Population of Germany–an Analysis From 2009 through 2019. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2021;118(40):665–669. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0238. PMID: 34140088.

De Laet C, Jonsson B, Oglesby AK, Kanis JA, Oden A, Johnell O. Bone. 2003;32(5):468–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/s8756-3282(03)00061-9. PMID: 12753862.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Empana JP, Dargent-Molina P, Bréart G, EPIDOS Group. Effect of hip fracture on mortality in elderly women: the EPIDOS prospective study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52(5):685– 90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52203.x. PMID: 15086646.

Haentjens P, Magaziner J, Colón-Emeric CS, Vanderschueren D, Milisen K, Velkeniers B, Boonen S. Meta-analysis: excess mortality after hip fracture among older women and men. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152(6):380– 90. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-152-6-201003160-00008. PMID: 20231569.

Handoll HH, Farrar MJ, McBirnie J, Tytherleigh-Strong G, Milne AA, Gillespie WJ. Heparin, low molecular weight heparin and physical methods for preventing deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism following surgery for hip fractures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002:CD000305. [PubMed: 12519540].

Guren E, Figved W, Frihagen F, Watne LO, Westberg M. Pros-thetic joint infection-a devastating complication of hemiarthro-plasty for hip fracture. Acta Orthop. 2017;88:383–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/17453674.2017.1301009.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zajonz D, Brand A, Lycke C, Özkurtul O, Theopold J, Spiegl UJA, Roth A, Josten C, Fakler JKM. Risk factors for early infection following hemiarthroplasty in elderly patients with a femoral neck fracture. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2019;45(2):207–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00068-018-0909-8. Epub 2018 Jan 16. PMID: 29340736.

Roche JJ, Wenn RT, Sahota O, Moran CG. Effect of comorbidities and postoperative complications on mortality after hip fracture in elderly people: prospective observational cohort study. BMJ. 2005;331:1374. [PubMed: 16299013].

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wehren LE, Hawkes WG, Orwig DL, Hebel JR, Zimmerman SI, Magaziner J. Gender differences in mortality after hip fracture: the role of infection. J Bone Min Res. 2003;18:2231–7. [PubMed:14672359].

Article  Google Scholar 

Diamantopoulos AP, Hoff M, Hochberg M, Haugeberg G. Predictors of shortand long-term mortality in males and females with hip fracture - a prospective observational cohort study. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e78169.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Smith T, Pelpola K, Ball M, Ong A, Myint PK. Pre-operative indicators for mortality following hip fracture surgery: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Age Ageing. 2014;43:464–71.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hu F, Jiang C, Shen J, Tang P, Wang Y. Preoperative predictors for mortality following hip fracture surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Injury. 2012;43:676–85.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Laulund AS, Lauritzen JB, Duus BR, Mosfeldt M, Jørgensen HL. Routine blood tests as predictors of mortality in hip fracture patients. Injury. 2012;43:1014–20.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fakler JK, Grafe A, Dinger J, Josten C, Aust G. Perioperative risk factors in patients with a femoral neck fracture - influence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and C-reactive protein on postoperative medical complications and 1-year mortality. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016;17:51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-016-0906-1.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Knauf T, Bücking B, Bargello M, Ploch S, Bliemel C, Knobe M, Ruchholtz S, Eschbach D. Predictors of long-term survival after hip fractures?-5-year results of a prospective study in Germany. Arch Osteoporos. 2019;14(1):40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11657-019-0586-1.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miettinen SSA, Savolainen S, Kröger H. Charlson comorbidity index predicts the 10-year survivorship of the operatively treated hip fracture patients. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2022 Apr 18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00590-022-03259-2. Online ahead of print.

Paksima N, Koval KJ, Aharanoff G, Walsh M, Kubiak EN, Zuckerman JD, Egol KA. Predictors of mortality after hip fracture: a 10-year prospective study. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis. 2008;66(2):111–7.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

American society of Anaesthesiologists. (2012) ASA physical status classification system. Developed By: ASA House of Delegates/ Executive Committee. Last Amended: October 15, 2014 (original approval: October 15, 2014). https://www.asahq.org/standards-and-guidelines/asa-physical-status-classification-system. Accessed 7 March 2019.

Bhandari M, Devereaux PJ, Tornetta P 3rd, Swiontkowski MF, Berry DJ, Haidukewych G, Schemitsch EH, Hanson BP, Koval K, Dirschl D, Leece P, Keel M, Petrisor B, Heetveld M, Guyatt GH. Operative management of displaced femoral neck fractures in elderly patients. An international survey. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87(9):2122–30. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.E.00535.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ossendorf C, Scheyerer MJ, Wanner GA, Simmen HP, Werner CM. Treatment of femoral neck fractures in elderly patients over 60 years of age - which is the ideal modality of primary joint replacement? Patient Saf Surg. 2010;4(1):16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-9493-4-16. PMID: 20961437.

Vinas-Rios JM, Wölm JH, Sellei RM, Ladenburger A. Challenging the dogma to always operate acute hip fractures: a proof-of-concept pilot study for nonoperative management of undisplaced femoral neck fractures. Patient Saf Surg. 2022;16(1):15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13037-022-00324-x. PMID: 35449068.

Migliorini F, Trivellas A, Driessen A, Quack V, El Mansy Y, Schenker H, Tingart M, Eschweiler J. Hemiarthroplasty versus total arthroplasty for displaced femoral neck fractures in the elderly: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg (20209; 140(11):1695–704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-020-03409-3. Epub 2020 Mar 13. PMID: 32170452 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-020-03409-3.

Ekhtiari S, Gormley J, Axelrod DE, Devji T, Bhandari M, Guyatt GH. Total Hip Arthroplasty Versus Hemiarthroplasty for Displaced Femoral Neck Fracture: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2020;102(18):1638–1645. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.20.00226. PMID: 32732709.

Dolatowski FC, Frihagen F, Bartels S, Opland V, Šaltytė Benth J, Talsnes O, Hoelsbrekken SE, Utvåg SE. Screw Fixation Versus Hemiarthroplasty for Nondisplaced Femoral Neck Fractures in Elderly Patients: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2019;101(2):136–144. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.18.00316. PMID: 30653043.

Bzovsky S, Comeau-Gauthier M, Schemitsch EH, Swiontkowski M, Heels-Ansdell D, Frihagen F, Bhandari M, Sprague S, FAITH Investigators; HEALTH Investigators. Factors Associated With Mortality After Surgical Management of Femoral Neck Fractures. J Orthop Trauma. 2020;34 Suppl 3:S15-S21. https://doi.org/10.1097/BOT.0000000000001937. PMID: 33027161.

Chang JD, Kim IS, Lee SS, Yoo JH, Hwang JH. Unstable intertrochanteric versus displaced femoral neck fractures treated with cementless bipolar hemiarthroplasty in elderly patients; a comparison of 80 matched patients. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2016;102(6):695-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otsr.2016.04.007. Epub 2016 May 24. PMID: 27234871.

Knauf T, Bücking B, Bargello M, Ploch S, Bliemel C, Knobe M, Ruchholtz S, Eschbach D. Predictors of long-term survival after hip fractures?-5-year results of a prospective study in Germany. Arch Osteoporos. 2019;14(1):40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11657-019-0586-1. PMID: 30879213.

Davison JN, Calder SJ, Anderson GH, Ward G, Jagger C, Harper WM, Gregg PJ. Treatment for displaced intracapsular fracture of the proximal femur. A prospective, randomised trial in patients aged 65 to 79 years. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2001;83(2):206–12. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.83b2.11128.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heetveld MJ, Raaymakers EL, Luitse JS, Nijhof M, Gouma DJ. Femoral neck fractures: can physiologic status determine treatment choice? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;461:203–12. https://doi.org/10.1097/BLO.0b013e3180574aca.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fakler JKM, Grafe A, von Dercks N, Theopold J, Spiegl UJA, Josten C. Influence of Internal Fixation and Cemented Hemiarthroplasty on 1-Year Mortality in Geriatric Hip Fracture Patients. Int J Orthopaedics. 2017; 4(1): 689–694 Available from: URL: http://www.ghrnet.org/index.php/ijo/article/view/1913.

Lin JC, Liang WM. Outcomes after fixation for undisplaced femoral neck fracture compared to hemiarthroplasty for displaced femoral neck fracture among the elderly. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2015;16:199. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-015-0671-6. PMID: 26286551.

Galler M, Zellner M, Roll C, Bäuml C, Füchtmeier B, Müller F. A prospective study with ten years follow-up of two-hundred patients with proximal femoral fracture. Injury. 2018;49(4):841–845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2018.02.026. Epub 2018 Feb 26. PMID: 29510856.

Bajracharya R, Guralnik JM, Shardell MD, Rathbun AM, Yamashita T, Hochberg MC, Gruber-Baldini AL, Magaziner JS, Orwig DL. Long-term sex differences in all-cause and infection-specific mortality post hip fracture. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2022;70(7):2107–2114. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.17800. Epub 2022 Apr 12. PMID: 35415882.

Periodensterbetafel für Deutschland. (2018/2020). Accessed 11.02.2023 https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Sterbefaelle-Lebenserwartung/Publikationen/Downloads-Sterbefaelle/periodensterbetafeln-bundeslaender-5126204207004.pdf.

Schaller F, Sidelnikov E, Theiler R, Egli A, Staehelin HB, Dick W, Dawson-Hughes B, Grob D, Platz A, Can U, Bischoff-Ferrari HA. Mild to moderate cognitive impairment is a major risk factor for mortality and nursing home admission in the first year after hip fracture. Bone. 2012;51(3):347– 52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2012.06.004. Epub 2012 Jun 12. PMID: 22705148.

Xue TM, Pan W, Tsumura H, Wei S, Lee C, McConnell ES. Impact of dementia on long-term hip fracture surgery outcomes: an Electronic Health Record Analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2023;24(2):235–e2412. Epub 2022 Dec 13. PMID: 36525987.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ioannidis I, Mohammad Ismail A, Forssten MP, Ahl R, Cao Y, Borg T, Mohseni S. Surgical management of displaced femoral neck fractures in patients with dementia: a comparison in mortality between hemiarthroplasty and pins/screws. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2022;48(2):1151–1158. doi: 10.1007/s00068-021-01640-0. Epub 2021 Apr 11. PMID: 33842982.

Tebé C, Martínez-Laguna D, Carbonell-Abella C, Reyes C, Moreno V, Diez-Perez A, Collins GS, Prieto-Alhambra D. The association between type 2 diabetes mellitus, hip fracture, and post-hip fracture mortality: a multi-state cohort analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2019;30(12):2407–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-019-05122-3. Epub 2019 Aug 23. PMID: 31444526.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aigner R, Buecking B, Hack J, Schwenzfeur R, Eschbach D, Einheuser J, Schoeneberg C, Pass B, Ruchholtz S, Knauf T, On Behalf Of The Registry For Geriatric Trauma Atr-Dgu. Effect of Direct Oral Anticoagulants on Treatment of Geriatric Hip Fracture Patients: An Analysis of 15,099 Patients of the AltersTraumaRegister DGU®. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022;58(3):379. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58030379. PMID: 35334555.

Mitchell SM, Chung AS, Walker JB, Hustedt JW, Russell GV, Jones CB. Delay in Hip Fracture Surgery Prolongs Postoperative Hospital Length of Stay but Does Not Adversely Affect Outcomes at 30 Days. J Orthop Trauma. 2018;32(12):629–633. https://doi.org/10.1097/BOT.0000000000001306. PMID: 30299378.

Leer-Salvesen S, Engesæter LB, Dybvik E, Furnes O, Torbjørn B, Kristensen TB, Gjertsen JE. Does time from fracture to surgery affect mortality and intraoperative medical complications for hip fracture patients? An observational study of 73 557 patients reported to the Norwegian Hip Fracture Register. Bone Joint J. 2019;101-B(9):1129–1137. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.101B9.BJJ-2019-0295.R1. PMID: 31474142.

Turesson E, Ivarsson K, Thorngren KG, Hommel A. The impact of care process development and comorbidity on time to surgery, mortality rate and functional outcome for hip fracture patients: a retrospective analysis over 19 years with data from the Swedish National Registry for hip fracture patients, RIKSHÖFT. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019;20(1):616. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-3007-0. PMID: 31878903.

Schoeneberg C, Aigner R, Pass B, Volland R, Eschbach D, Peiris SE, Ruchholtz S, Lendemans S, AltersTraumaRegister DGU. Effect of time-to-surgery on in-house mortality during orthogeriatric treatment following hip fracture: A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from 16,236 patients of the AltersTraumaRegister DGU®. Injury. 2021;52(3):554–561. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2020.09.007. Epub 2020 Sep 15. PMID: 32951920.

van Rijckevorsel VAJIM, de Jong L, Verhofstad MHJ, Roukema GR, Dutch Hip Fracture Registry Collaboration. Influence of time to surgery on clinical outcomes in elderly hip fracture patients: an assessment of surgical postponement due to non-medical reasons. Bone Joint J. 2022;104-B(12):1369–1378. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.104B12.BJJ-2022-0172.R2. PMID: 36453044.

Spaans EA, Koenraadt KLM, Wagenmakers R, Elmans LHGJ, van den Hout JAAM, Eygendaal D, Bolder SBT. Does surgeon volume influence the outcome after hip hemiarthroplasty for displaced femoral neck fractures; early outcome, complications, and survival of 752 cases. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2019;139(2):255–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-018-3076-9. Epub 2018 Nov 27. PMID: 30483916.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fakler JKM, Brand A, Lycke C, Pempe C, Ghanem M, Roth A, Osterhoff G, Spiegl UJA, Höch A, Zajonz D. Risk factors for intraoperative greater trochanteric fractures in hemiarthroplasty for intracapsular femoral neck fractures. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2022;48(3):1835–1840. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00068-020-01549-0. Epub 2020 Dec 11. PMID: 33313961.