Falk M, Brugger H, Adler-Kastner L. Avalanche survival chances. Nature. 1994;368(6466):21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Haegeli P, Falk M, Brugger H, Etter HJ, Boyd J. Comparison of avalanche survival patterns in Canada and Switzerland. CMAJ. 2011;183(7):789–95.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pasquier M, Strapazzon G, Kottmann A, Paal P, Zafren K, Oshiro K, et al. On-site treatment of avalanche victims: scoping review and 2023 recommendations of the international commission for mountain emergency medicine (ICAR MedCom). Resuscitation. 2023;184:109708.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kottmann A, Pasquier M, Strapazzon G, Zafren K, Ellerton J, Paal P. Quality indicators for Avalanche Victim Management and Rescue. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:18.

Article  Google Scholar 

Van Tilburg C, Paal P, Strapazzon G, Grissom CK, Haegeli P, Hölzl N, et al. Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for Prevention and Management of Avalanche and Nonavalanche Snow Burial accidents: 2024 update. Wilderness Environ Med. 2024;35(1suppl):S20–44.

Article  Google Scholar 

Strapazzon G, Paal P, Schweizer J, Falk M, Reuter B, Schenk K, et al. Effects of snow properties on humans breathing into an artificial air pocket - an experimental field study. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):17675.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Procter E, Strapazzon G, Dal Cappello T, Zweifel B, Würtele A, Renner A, et al. Burial duration, depth and air pocket explain avalanche survival patterns in Austria and Switzerland. Resuscitation. 2016;105:173–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brugger H, Durrer B, Adler-Kastner L. On-site triage of avalanche victims with asystole by the emergency doctor. Resuscitation. 1996;31(1):11–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mair P, Frimmel C, Vergeiner G, Hohlrieder M, Moroder L, Hoesl P, et al. Emergency medical helicopter operations for avalanche accidents. Resuscitation. 2013;84(4):492–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Strapazzon G, Rauch S, Malacrida S, Dal Cappello T, Governo E, Catuzzo B, et al. Comparative effectiveness of an Artificial Air Pocket device to Delay Asphyxiation in Supine individuals critically buried in Avalanche debris. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(5):e2313376.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grissom CK, Radwin MI, Harmston CH, Hirshberg EL, Crowley TJ. Respiration during snow burial using an artificial air pocket. JAMA. 2000;283(17):2266–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McIntosh SE, Little CE, Seibert TD, Polukoff NE, Grissom CK. Avalanche airbag post-burial active deflation - the ability to create an air pocket to delay asphyxiation and prolong survival. Resuscitation. 2020;146:155–60.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O’Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. PRISMA Extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(7):467–73.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boyd J, Brugger H, Shuster M. Prognostic factors in avalanche resuscitation: a systematic review. Resuscitation. 2010;81(6):645–52.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boue Y, Payen JF, Brun J, Thomas S, Levrat A, Blancher M, et al. Survival after avalanche-induced cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2014;85(9):1192–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Strapazzon G, Plankensteiner J, Mair P, Ruttmann E, Dal Cappello T, Procter E, et al. Prehospital management and outcome of avalanche patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a retrospective study in Tyrol, Austria. Eur J Emerg Med. 2017;24(6):398–403.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Blancher M, Bauvent Y, Baré S, Wuyts B, Fillet Y, Brun J, et al. Multiple casualty incident in the mountain: experience from the Valfrejus avalanche. Resuscitation. 2017;111:e7–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brugger H, Bouzat P, Pasquier M, Mair P, Fieler J, Darocha T, et al. Cut-off values of serum potassium and core temperature at hospital admission for extracorporeal rewarming of avalanche victims in cardiac arrest: a retrospective multi-centre study. Resuscitation. 2019;139:222–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Metrailler-Mermoud J, Hugli O, Carron PN, Kottmann A, Frochaux V, Zen-Ruffinen G, et al. Avalanche victims in cardiac arrest are unlikely to survive despite adherence to medical guidelines. Resuscitation. 2019;141:35–43.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eidenbenz D, Techel F, Kottmann A, Rousson V, Carron PN, Albrecht R, et al. Survival probability in avalanche victims with long burial (≥ 60 min): a retrospective study. Resuscitation. 2021;166:93–100.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gray D. Survival after burial in an avalanche. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1987;294(6572):611–2.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oberhammer R, Beikircher W, Hormann C, Lorenz I, Pycha R, Adler-Kastner L, et al. Full recovery of an avalanche victim with profound hypothermia and prolonged cardiac arrest treated by extracorporeal re-warming. Resuscitation. 2008;76(3):474–80.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Putzer G, Schmid S, Braun P, Brugger H, Paal P. Cooling of six centigrades in an hour during avalanche burial. Resuscitation. 81. Ireland2010. pp. 1043-4.

Strapazzon G, Nardin M, Zanon P, Kaufmann M, Kritzinger M, Brugger H. Respiratory failure and spontaneous hypoglycemia during noninvasive rewarming from 24.7°C (76.5°F) core body temperature after prolonged avalanche burial. Ann Emerg Med. 2012;60(2):193–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Koppenberg J, Brugger H, Esslinger A, Albrecht R. [Life-saving air supported avalanche mission at night in high alpine terrain]. Anaesthesist. 2012;61(10):892–900.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Strapazzon G, Beikircher W, Procter E, Brugger H. Electrical heart activity recorded during prolonged avalanche burial. Circulation. 2012;125(4):646–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heschl S, Paal P, Farzi S, Toller W. Electrical cardiac activity in an avalanche victim dying of asphyxia. Resuscitation. 2013;84(11):e143–4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boue Y, Payen JF, Torres JP, Blancher M, Bouzat P. Full neurologic recovery after prolonged avalanche burial and cardiac arrest. High Alt Med Biol. 2014;15(4):522–3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pietsch U, Lischke V, Pietsch C, Kopp KH. Mechanical chest compressions in an avalanche victim with cardiac arrest: an option for extreme mountain rescue operations. Wilderness Environ Med. 2014;25(2):190–3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pasquier M, Moix PA, Delay D, Hugli O. Cooling rate of 9.4°C in an hour in an avalanche victim. Resuscitation. 2015;93:e17–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ströhle M, Putzer G, Procter E, Paal P. Apparent cooling rate of 7°C per hour in an Avalanche victim. High Alt Med Biol. 2015;16(4):356–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Facchetti G, Carbuglia N, Bucci V, Taraschi F, Paparoni S, Gyra A, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in avalanche victim with deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest. Minerva Anestesiol. 2016;82(3):371–2.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Glisenti P, Rakusa J, Albrecht R, Luedi MM. Negative pressure pulmonary oedema with haemorrhage after 5-minute avalanche burial. Lancet. 2016;388(10057):2321–2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kosinski S, Darocha T, Jarosz A, Migiel L, Zelias A, Marcinkowski W, et al. The longest persisting ventricular fibrillation with an excellent outcome– 6 h 45min cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2016;105:e21–2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Varutti R, Trillò G, Silvestre A, Peressutti R, Bassi F, Latronico N. A case of successful organ donation after extremely prolonged manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a buried hypothermia victim of avalanche. Emerg Care J. 2019;15.

Mittermair C, Foidl E, Wallner B, Brugger H, Paal P. Extreme cooling Rates in Avalanche victims: Case Report and Narrative Review. High Alt Med Biol. 2021;22(2):235–40.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Daniel N, Weinberg N, Carus F, Church B, Zafren K. Witnessed Cardiac arrest in a hypothermic Avalanche victim completely buried for 2 hours. Wilderness Environ Med. 2021;32(1):92–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rauch S, Kompatscher J, Clara A, Öttl I, Strapazzon G, Kaufmann M. Critically buried avalanche victims can develop severe hypothermia in less than 60 min. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2023;31(1):29.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Berteletti S, Sciolla A, Brugger H, Strapazzon G. Gestione dei pazienti travolti da valanga. Decidere Med. 2016;16(5):41–8.

Google Scholar 

Strapazzon G, Brugger H. On-Site treatment of Snow Avalanche victims: from bench to Mountainside. High Alt Med Biol. 2018;19(4):307–15.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brugger H, Durrer B, Elsensohn F, Paal P, Strapazzon G, Winterberger E, et al. Resuscitation of avalanche victims: evidence-based guidelines of the international commission for mountain emergency medicine (ICAR MEDCOM): intended for physicians and other advanced life support personnel. Resuscitation. 2013;84(5):539–46.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lott C, Truhlář A, Alfonzo A, Barelli A, González-Salvado V, Hinkelbein J, et al. European Resuscitation Council guidelines 2021: cardiac arrest in special circumstances. Resuscitation. 2021;161:152–219.