Haines JL (2018) Alzheimer disease: perspectives from epidemiology and genetics. J Law, Med Ethics 46(3):694–698. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073110518804230

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reitz C, Brayne C, Mayeux R (2011) Epidemiology of Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol 7(3):137–152. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2011.2

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Knopman DS, Amieva H, Petersen RC, Chetelat G, Holtzman DM, Hyman BT, Nixon RA, Jones DT (2021) Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers 7(1):33. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-021-00269-y

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Duran-Aniotz C, Hetz C (2016) Glucose metabolism: a sweet relief of Alzheimer’s disease. Current Biol : CB 26(17):R806-809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.060

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Calsolaro V, Edison P (2016) Alterations in glucose metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease. Recent Pat Endocr, Metab Immune Drug Discovery 10(1):31–39. https://doi.org/10.2174/1872214810666160615102809

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chen Z, Zhong C (2013) Decoding Alzheimer’s disease from perturbed cerebral glucose metabolism: implications for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Prog Neurobiol 108:21–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.06.004

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mosconi L, Andrews RD, Matthews DC (2013) Comparing brain amyloid deposition, glucose metabolism, and atrophy in mild cognitive impairment with and without a family history of dementia. J Alzheimer’s Dis: JAD 35(3):509–524. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-121867

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mehla J, Pahuja M, Gupta YK (2013) Streptozotocin-induced sporadic Alzheimer’s disease: selection of appropriate dose. J Alzheimer’s Dis: JAD 33(1):17–21. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2012-120958

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gerzson MFB, Bona NP, Soares MSP, Teixeira FC, Rahmeier FL, Carvalho FB, da Cruz FM, Onzi G et al (2020) Tannic acid ameliorates STZ-induced Alzheimer’s disease-like impairment of memory, neuroinflammation, neuronal death and modulates Akt expression. Neurotox Res 37(4):1009–1017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12640-020-00167-3

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pacheco SM, Soares MSP, Gutierres JM, Gerzson MFB, Carvalho FB, Azambuja JH, Schetinger MRC, Stefanello FM et al (2018) Anthocyanins as a potential pharmacological agent to manage memory deficit, oxidative stress and alterations in ion pump activity induced by experimental sporadic dementia of Alzheimer’s type. J Nutr Biochem 56:193–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.02.014

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rodrigues MV, Gutierres JM, Carvalho F, Lopes TF, Antunes V, da Costa P, Pereira ME, Schetinger MRC et al (2019) Protection of cholinergic and antioxidant system contributes to the effect of vitamin D3 ameliorating memory dysfunction in sporadic dementia of Alzheimer’s type. Redox Rep 24(1):34–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510002.2019.1617514

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Javadpour P, Askari S, Rashidi FS, Dargahi L, Ahmadiani A, Ghasemi R (2021) Imipramine alleviates memory impairment and hippocampal apoptosis in STZ-induced sporadic Alzheimer’s rat model: possible contribution of MAPKs and insulin signaling. Behav Brain Res 408:113260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113260

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yap MKK, Misuan N (2019) Exendin-4 from Heloderma suspectum venom: from discovery to its latest application as type II diabetes combatant. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 124(5):513–527. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.13169

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bertilsson G, Patrone C, Zachrisson O, Andersson A, Dannaeus K, Heidrich J, Kortesmaa J, Mercer A et al (2008) Peptide hormone exendin-4 stimulates subventricular zone neurogenesis in the adult rodent brain and induces recovery in an animal model of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurosci Res 86(2):326–338. https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.21483

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li H, Lee CH, Yoo KY, Choi JH, Park OK, Yan BC, Byun K, Lee B et al (2010) Chronic treatment of exendin-4 affects cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the adult mouse hippocampal dentate gyrus. Neurosci Lett 486(1):38–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2010.09.040

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Holscher C (2012) Potential role of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in neuroprotection. CNS Drugs 26(10):871–882. https://doi.org/10.2165/11635890-000000000-00000

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang M, Yoon G, Song J, Jo J (2021) Exendin-4 improves long-term potentiation and neuronal dendritic growth in vivo and in vitro obesity condition. Sci Rep 11(1):8326. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87809-4

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bu LL, Liu YQ, Shen Y, Fan Y, Yu WB, Jiang DL, Tang YL, Yang YJ et al (2021) Neuroprotection of exendin-4 by enhanced autophagy in a Parkinsonian rat model of alpha-synucleinopathy. Neurotherapeutics 18(2):962–978. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-021-01018-5

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ahn YJ, Shin HJ, Jeong EA, An HS, Lee JY, Jang HM, Kim KE, Lee J et al (2021) Exendin-4 pretreatment attenuates kainic acid-induced hippocampal neuronal death. Cells 10(10):2527. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10102527

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Teramoto S, Miyamoto N, Yatomi K, Tanaka Y, Oishi H, Arai H, Hattori N, Urabe T (2011) Exendin-4, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, provides neuroprotection in mice transient focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 31(8):1696–1705. https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2011.51

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang X, Wang L, Jiang R, Xu Y, Zhao X, Li Y (2016) Exendin-4 antagonizes Abeta1-42-induced attenuation of spatial learning and memory ability. Exp Ther Med 12(5):2885–2892. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3742

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Peng X, Shi X, Huang J, Zhang S, Yan Y, Ma D, Xu W, Xu W et al (2021) Exendin-4 improves cognitive function of diabetic mice via increasing brain insulin synthesis. Curr Alzheimer Res 18(7):546–557. https://doi.org/10.2174/1567205018666210929150004

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jo D, Yoon G, Song J (2021) Role of exendin-4 in brain insulin resistance, mitochondrial function, and neurite outgrowth in neurons under palmitic acid-induced oxidative stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 10(1):78. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10010078

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Diehl T, Mullins R, Kapogiannis D (2017) Insulin resistance in Alzheimer’s disease. Transl Res 183:26–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2016.12.005

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang J, Chen C, Hua S, Liao H, Wang M, Xiong Y, Cao F (2017) An updated meta-analysis of cohort studies: diabetes and risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 124:41–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2016.10.024

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Biessels GJ, Staekenborg S, Brunner E, Brayne C, Scheltens P (2006) Risk of dementia in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol 5(1):64–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70284-2

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cukierman T, Gerstein HC, Williamson JD (2005) Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes–systematic overview of prospective observational studies. Diabetologia 48(12):2460–2469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-005-0023-4

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Strachan MW, Deary IJ, Ewing FM, Frier BM (1997) Is type II diabetes associated with an increased risk of cognitive dysfunction? A critical review of published studies. Diabetes Care 20(3):438–445. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.20.3.438

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zanotto C, Hansen F, Galland F, Batassini C, Federhen BC, da Silva VF, Leite MC, Nardin P et al (2019) Glutamatergic alterations in STZ-induced diabetic rats are reversed by exendin-4. Mol Neurobiol 56(5):3538–3551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-018-1320-5

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zanotto C, Simao F, Gasparin MS, Biasibetti R, Tortorelli LS, Nardin P, Goncalves CA (2017) Exendin-4 reverses biochemical and functional alterations in the blood-brain and blood-CSF barriers in diabetic rats. Mol Neurobiol 54(3):2154–2166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-016-9798-1

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gutierres JM, Carvalho FB, Schetinger MR, Marisco P, Agostinho P, Rodrigues M, Rubin MA, Schmatz R et al (2014) Anthocyanins restore behavioral and biochemical changes caused by streptozotocin-induced sporadic dementia of Alzheimer’s type. Life Sci 96(1–2):7–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2013.11.014

Paxinos G, Watson C (2006) The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates. Hard cover edition, 6th edn. Academic Press, Cambridge

Gotz J, Ittner LM (2008) Animal models of Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia. Nat Rev Neurosci 9(7):532–544. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2420

Article  CAS  PubMed