Berry SJ, Coffey DS, Walsh PC, Ewing LL. The development of human benign prostatic hyperplasia with age. J Urol. 1984;132(3):474–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)49698-4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gandaglia G, Briganti A, Gontero P, Mondaini N, Novara G, Salonia A, et al. The role of chronic prostatic inflammation in the pathogenesis and progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). BJU Int. 2013;112(4):432–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/bju.12118.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shvero A, Calio B, Humphreys MR, Das AK. HoLEP: the new gold standard for surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Can J Urol. 2021;28(S2):6–10.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Parsons JK. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and male lower urinary tract symptoms: epidemiology and risk factors. Curr Bladder Dysfunct Rep. 2010;5(4):212–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11884-010-0067-2.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bal K, Ayik S, Issi Y, Bolukbasi A, Akhan G. Sleep analysis of patients with nocturia and benign prostatic obstruction. Urology. 2012;80(2):383–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2011.12.067.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ma K, Dong Q. Association between sleep quality and benign prostate hyperplasia among middle-aged and older men in India. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):1147. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15972-6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li Y, Zhou X, Qiu S, Cai B, Wang S, Chen L, et al. Association of sleep quality with lower urinary tract symptoms/benign prostatic hyperplasia among men in China: a cross-sectional study. Front Aging Neurosci. 2022;14:938407. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2022.938407.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Madan Jha V. The prevalence of sleep loss and sleep disorders in young and old adults. Aging Brain. 2023;3:100057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbas.2022.100057.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tufik S, Andersen ML, Bittencourt LR, Mello MT. Paradoxical sleep deprivation: neurochemical, hormonal and behavioral alterations. Evidence from 30 years of research. Anais Da Acad Brasileira De Ciencias. 2009;81(3):521–38. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652009000300016.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hipólide DC, Suchecki D, Pimentel de Carvalho Pinto A, Chiconelli Faria E, Tufik S, Luz J. Paradoxical sleep deprivation and sleep recovery: effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, energy balance and body composition of rats. J Neuroendocrinol. 2006;18(4):231–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2006.01412.x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sanderson E, Glymour MM, Holmes MV, Kang H, Morrison J, Munafò MR, et al. Mendelian randomization. Nat Reviews Methods Primers. 2022;2. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43586-021-00092-5.

Dashti HS, Daghlas I, Lane JM, Huang Y, Udler MS, Wang H, et al. Genetic determinants of daytime napping and effects on cardiometabolic health. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):900. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20585-3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang H, Lane JM, Jones SE, Dashti HS, Ollila HM, Wood AR, et al. Genome-wide association analysis of self-reported daytime sleepiness identifies 42 loci that suggest biological subtypes. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):3503. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11456-7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jansen PR, Watanabe K, Stringer S, Skene N, Bryois J, Hammerschlag AR, et al. Genome-wide analysis of insomnia in 1,331,010 individuals identifies new risk loci and functional pathways. Nat Genet. 2019;51(3):394–403. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-018-0333-3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dashti HS, Jones SE, Wood AR, Lane JM, van Hees VT, Wang H, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies genetic loci for self-reported habitual sleep duration supported by accelerometer-derived estimates. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):1100. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08917-4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kurki MI, Karjalainen J, Palta P, Sipilä TP, Kristiansson K, Donner KM, et al. FinnGen provides genetic insights from a well-phenotyped isolated population. Nature. 2023;613(7944):508–18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05473-8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gellis LA, Lichstein KL, Scarinci IC, Durrence HH, Taylor DJ, Bush AJ, et al. Socioeconomic status and insomnia. J Abnorm Psychol. 2005;114(1):111–8. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.114.1.111.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen LJ, Steptoe A, Chen YH, Ku PW, Lin CH. Physical activity, smoking, and the incidence of clinically diagnosed insomnia. Sleep Med. 2017;30:189–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2016.06.040.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chakravorty S, Chaudhary NS, Brower KJ. Alcohol dependence and its Relationship with Insomnia and other Sleep disorders. Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research. 2016;40(11):2271–82; https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.13217.

Platz EA, Rimm EB, Kawachi I, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, et al. Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;149(2):106–15. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009775.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Galea S, Ahern J, Tracy M, Rudenstine S, Vlahov D. Education inequality and use of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007;90(Suppl 1):S4–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.11.008.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pagoni P, Dimou NL, Murphy N, Stergiakouli E. Using mendelian randomisation to assess causality in observational studies. Evid Based Ment Health. 2019;22(2):67–71. https://doi.org/10.1136/ebmental-2019-300085.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Burgess S, Thompson SG. Interpreting findings from mendelian randomization using the MR-Egger method. Eur J Epidemiol. 2017;32(5):377–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-017-0255-x.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bowden J, Davey Smith G, Haycock PC, Burgess S. Consistent estimation in mendelian randomization with some Invalid instruments using a weighted median estimator. Genet Epidemiol. 2016;40(4):304–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/gepi.21965.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Milligan BG. Maximum-likelihood estimation of relatedness. Genetics. 2003;163(3):1153–67. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/163.3.1153.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hartwig FP, Davey Smith G, Bowden J. Robust inference in summary data mendelian randomization via the zero modal pleiotropy assumption. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46(6):1985–98. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyx102.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Watanabe K, Jansen PR, Savage JE, Nandakumar P, Wang X, Hinds DA, et al. Genome-wide meta-analysis of insomnia prioritizes genes associated with metabolic and psychiatric pathways. Nat Genet. 2022;54(8):1125–32. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-022-01124-w.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xiong Y, Zhang Y, Zhang F, Wu C, Qin F, Yuan J. Reduced sleep duration increases the risk of lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia in middle-aged and elderly males: a national cross-sectional study. Aging male: Official J Int Soc Study Aging Male. 2022;25(1):159–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/13685538.2022.2079627.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wittert G. The relationship between sleep disorders and testosterone in men. Asian J Androl. 2014;16(2):262–5. https://doi.org/10.4103/1008-682x.122586.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Penev PD. Association between sleep and morning testosterone levels in older men. Sleep. 2007;30(4):427–32. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/30.4.427.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grimaldi D, Reid KJ, Papalambros NA, Braun RI, Malkani RG, Abbott SM, et al. Autonomic dysregulation and sleep homeostasis in insomnia. Sleep. 2021;44(6). https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa274.

McVary KT, Rademaker A, Lloyd GL, Gann P. Autonomic nervous system overactivity in men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol. 2005;174(4 Pt 1):1327–433. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000173072.73702.64.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Motivala SJ. Sleep and inflammation: psychoneuroimmunology in the context of cardiovascular disease. Annals Behav Medicine: Publication Soc Behav Med. 2011;42(2):141–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-011-9280-2.

Article  Google Scholar 

Fibbi B, Penna G, Morelli A, Adorini L, Maggi M. Chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Int J Androl. 2010;33(3):475–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2009.00972.x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sharma S, Kavuru M. Sleep and metabolism: an overview. Int J Endocrinol. 2010;2010. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/270832.

Breyer BN, Sarma AV. Hyperglycemia and insulin resistance and the risk of BPH/LUTS: an update of recent literature. Curr Urol Rep. 2014;15(12):462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11934-014-0462-x.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kwon JK, Chang IH. Pain, catastrophizing, and depression in chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Int Neurourol J. 2013;17(2):48–58. https://doi.org/10.5213/inj.2013.17.2.48.