Banday MZ, Sameer AS, Nissar S (2020) Pathophysiology of diabetes: an overview. Avicenna J Med 10(04):174–188

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

American Diabetes Association (2024) Statistics about diabetes. https://diabetes.org/about-diabetes/statistics/about-diabetes. Accessed 23 Jan 2024

Sanches CP, Vianna AGD, Barreto FDC (2017) The impact of type 2 diabetes on bone metabolism. Diabetol Metab Syndr 9(1):1–7

Article  Google Scholar 

Karim L, Rezaee T, Vaidya R (2019) The effect of type 2 diabetes on bone biomechanics. Curr Osteoporos Rep 17(5):291–300

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Melton LJ III et al (2008) A bone structural basis for fracture risk in diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93(12):4804–4809

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Klein S et al (2022) Why does obesity cause diabetes? Cell Metab 34(1):11–20

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fajardo RJ et al (2014) A review of rodent models of type 2 diabetic skeletal fragility. J Bone Miner Res 29(5):1025–1040

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

DeFronzo RA et al (2015) Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Dis Primers 1(1):1–22

Article  Google Scholar 

Ikeda H (1994) KK mouse. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 24:S313–S316

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moussa NM, Claycombe KJ (1999) The yellow mouse obesity syndrome and mechanisms of agouti-induced obesity. Obes Res 7(5):506–514

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

KK.Cg-Ay/J. The Jackson Laboratory. https://www.jax.org/strain/002468. Accessed 16 Apr 2024

Takagi S et al (2012) Characteristics of diabetic osteopenia in KK-Ay diabetic mice. Biol Pharm Bull 35(3):438–443

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fu C et al (2015) High insulin levels in KK-Ay diabetic mice cause increased cortical bone mass and impaired trabecular micro-structure. Int J Mol Sci 16(4):8213–8226

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

King AJ (2012) The use of animal models in diabetes research. Br J Pharmacol 166(3):877–894

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Damrath JG et al (2022) A novel murine model of combined insulin-dependent diabetes and chronic kidney disease has greater skeletal detriments than either disease individually. Bone 165:116559

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hatch JM et al (2022) Skeletal manifestations in a streptozotocin-induced C57BL/6 model of type 1 diabetes. Bone Reports 17:101609

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Virtue S, Vidal-Puig A (2021) GTTs and ITTs in mice: simple tests, complex answers. Nat Metab 3(7):883–886

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kohler R et al (2021) The effect of single versus group μCT on the detection of trabecular and cortical disease phenotypes in mouse bones. JBMR Plus 5(4):e10473

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wallace JM (2019) Skeletal hard tissue biomechanics. Basic and applied bone biology. Elsevier, pp 125–140

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Nakrani MN, Wineland RH, Anjum F (2023) Physiology, glucose metabolism. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing

Parks BW et al (2015) Genetic architecture of insulin resistance in the mouse. Cell Metab 21(2):334–347

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McClung JP et al (2004) Development of insulin resistance and obesity in mice overexpressing cellular glutathione peroxidase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101(24):8852–8857

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Grote CW et al (2013) Peripheral nervous system insulin resistance in ob/ob mice. Acta Neuropathol Commun 1:1–11

Article  Google Scholar 

Reilly AM et al (2022) A high-fat diet catalyzes progression to hyperglycemia in mice with selective impairment of insulin action in Glut4-expressing tissues. J Biol Chem 298(1):101431

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Burchfield JG et al (2018) High dietary fat and sucrose result in an extensive and time-dependent deterioration in health of multiple physiological systems in mice. J Biol Chem 293(15):5731–5745

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Samelson EJ et al (2018) Diabetes and deficits in cortical bone density, microarchitecture, and bone size: Framingham HR-pQCT study. J Bone Miner Res 33(1):54–62

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Farr JN et al (2014) In vivo assessment of bone quality in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. J Bone Miner Res 29(4):787–795

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Waard E et al (2018) The association between diabetes status, HbA1c, diabetes duration, microvascular disease, and bone quality of the distal radius and tibia as measured with high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography—The Maastricht study. Osteoporos Int 29:2725–2738

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Burghardt AJ et al (2010) High-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomographic imaging of cortical and trabecular bone microarchitecture in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95(11):5045–5055

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Patsch JM et al (2013) Increased cortical porosity in type 2 diabetic postmenopausal women with fragility fractures. J Bone Miner Res 28(2):313–324

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Petit MA et al (2010) Bone mass and strength in older men with type 2 diabetes: the osteoporotic fractures in men study. J Bone Miner Res 25(2):285–291

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Klein GL (2014) Insulin and bone: recent developments. World J Diabetes 5(1):14

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhu X-K, Joyce JA (2012) Review of fracture toughness (G, K, J, CTOD, CTOA) testing and standardization. Eng Fract Mech 85:1–46

Article  Google Scholar 

Gilbert ER, Fu Z, Liu D (2011) Development of a nongenetic mouse model of type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2011:1

Google Scholar 

Graham ML et al (2011) The streptozotocin-induced diabetic nude mouse model: differences between animals from different sources. Comp Med 61(4):356–360

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ohno T et al (2022) A novel model mouse for type 2 diabetes mellitus with early onset and persistent hyperglycemia. Exp Anim 71(4):510–518

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tramunt B et al (2020) Sex differences in metabolic regulation and diabetes susceptibility. Diabetologia 63:453–461

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alicic RZ, Rooney MT, Tuttle KR (2017) Diabetic kidney disease: challenges, progress, and possibilities. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 12(12):2032–2045

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lv J-C, Zhang L-X (2019) Prevalence and disease burden of chronic kidney disease. Ren Fibros 1:3–15

CAS  Google Scholar 

Hauge SC, Frost M, Hansen D (2020) Understanding bone disease in patients with diabetic kidney disease: a narrative review. Curr Osteoporos Rep 18(6):727–736

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hunt HB et al (2018) Bone tissue collagen maturity and mineral content increase with sustained hyperglycemia in the KK-Ay murine model of type 2 diabetes. J Bone Miner Res 33(5):921–929

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ohnishi T et al (2009) Oxidative stress causes alveolar bone loss in metabolic syndrome model mice with type 2 diabetes. J Periodontal Res 44(1):43–51

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kappel S, Hawkins P, Mendl MT (2017) To group or not to group? Good practice for housing male laboratory mice. Animals 7(12):88

Article  PubMed