Leiter A, Veluswamy RR, Wisnivesky JP. The global burden of lung cancer: current status and future trends. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2023;20(9):624–39. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41571-023-00798-3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Siegel RL, Giaquinto AN, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2024. CA Cancer J Clin. 2024;74:12–49. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21820.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thai AA, Solomon BJ, Sequist LV, Gainor JF, Heist RS. Lung cancer. Lancet. 2021;398:535–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00312-3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nicholson AG, Tsao MS, Beasley MB, Borczuk AC, Brambilla E, Cooper WA, et al. The 2021 WHO classification of lung tumors: impact of advances since 2015. J Thorac Oncol. 2022;17:362–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2021.11.003.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Comprehensive molecular profiling of lung adenocarcinoma. Nature. 2014;511:543–50. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13385.

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yang S-R, Schultheis AM, Yu H, Mandelker D, Ladanyi M, Büttner R. Precision medicine in non-small cell lung cancer: current applications and future directions. Semin Cancer Biol. 2022;84:184–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.07.009.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Díaz-Serrano A, Gella P, Jiménez E, Zugazagoitia J, Paz-Ares Rodríguez L. Targeting EGFR in lung cancer: current standards and developments. Drugs. 2018;78:893–911. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-018-0916-4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tan AC, Tan DSW. Targeted therapies for lung cancer patients with oncogenic driver molecular alterations. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40:611–25. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.21.01626.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Howlader N, Forjaz G, Mooradian MJ, Meza R, Kong CY, Cronin KA, et al. The effect of advances in lung-cancer treatment on population mortality. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:640–9. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1916623.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Reck M, Remon J, Hellmann MD. First-line immunotherapy for non–small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40:586–97. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.21.01497.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Prior IA, Hood FE, Hartley JL. The frequency of Ras mutations in cancer. Cancer Res. 2020;80:2969–74. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-19-3682.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Friedlaender A, Drilon A, Weiss GJ, Banna GL, Addeo A. KRAS as a druggable target in NSCLC: rising like a phoenix after decades of development failures. Cancer Treat Rev. 2020;85: 101978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.101978.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Veluswamy R, Mack PC, Houldsworth J, Elkhouly E, Hirsch FR. KRAS G12C-mutant non-small cell lung cancer. J Mol Diagn. 2021;23:507–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoldx.2021.02.002.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gainor JF, Varghese AM, Ou S-HI, Kabraji S, Awad MM, Katayama R, Pawlak A, et al. ALK rearrangements are mutually exclusive with mutations in EGFR or KRAS: an analysis of 1,683 patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19:4273–81. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-0318.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jordan EJ, Kim HR, Arcila ME, Barron D, Chakravarty D, Gao J, et al. Prospective comprehensive molecular characterization of lung adenocarcinomas for efficient patient matching to approved and emerging therapies. Cancer Discov. 2017;7:596–609. https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-16-1337.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ceddia S, Landi L, Cappuzzo F. KRAS-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer: from past efforts to future challenges. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:9391. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169391.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Corral de la Fuente E, Olme do Garcia ME, Gomez Rueda A, Lage Y, Garrido P. Targeting KRAS in non-small cell lung cancer. Front Oncol. 2022;11: 792635. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2021.792635.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Blair HA. Sotorasib: first approval. Drugs. 2021;81:1573–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-021-01574-2.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

U.S. Food and Drug Administration FDA Grants Accelerated Approval to Adagrasib for KRAS G12C-Mutated NSCLC.

Timar J, Kashofer K. Molecular epidemiology and diagnostics of KRAS mutations in human cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2020;39:1029–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-020-09915-5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Downward J. Targeting RAS signalling pathways in cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003;3:11–22. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc969.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cox AD, Fesik SW, Kimmelman AC, Luo J, Der CJ. Drugging the undruggable RAS: mission possible? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2014;13:828–51. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd4389.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Garrido P, Olmedo ME, Gómez A, Paz Ares L, López-Ríos F, Rosa-Rosa JM, et al. Treating KRAS-mutant NSCLC: latest evidence and clinical consequences. Ther Adv Med Oncol. 2017;9:589–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/1758834017719829.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kranenburg O. The KRAS oncogene: past, present, and future. Biochim Biophys Acta BBA Rev Cancer. 2005;1756:81–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbcan.2005.10.001.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cox AD, Der CJ. Ras history: the saga continues. Small GTPases. 2010;1:2–27. https://doi.org/10.4161/sgtp.1.1.12178.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Weng C, Faure AJ, Escobedo A, Lehner B. The energetic and allosteric landscape for KRAS inhibition. Nature. 2023;626(7999):643–52. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06954-0.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ostrem JM, Peters U, Sos ML, Wells JA, Shokat KM. K-Ras(G12C) inhibitors allosterically control GTP affinity and effector interactions. Nature. 2013;503:548–51. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12796.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ostrem JML, Shokat KM. Direct small-molecule inhibitors of KRAS: from structural insights to mechanism-based design. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2016;15:771–85. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2016.139.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hillig RC, Sautier B, Schroeder J, Moosmayer D, Hilpmann A, Stegmann CM, et al. Discovery of potent SOS1 inhibitors that block RAS activation via disruption of the RAS–SOS1 interaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2019;116:2551–60. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1812963116.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moore AR, Rosenberg SC, McCormick F, Malek S. RAS-targeted therapies: is the undruggable drugged? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2020;19:533–52. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-020-0068-6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Reck M, Carbone DP, Garassino M, Barlesi F. Targeting KRAS in non-small-cell lung cancer: recent progress and new approaches. Ann Oncol. 2021;32:1101–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2021.06.001.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stokoe D, Macdonald SG, Cadwallader K, Symons M, Hancock JF. Activation of Raf as a result of recruitment to the plasma membrane. Science. 1994;264:1463–7. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7811320.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Malumbres M, Barbacid M. RAS oncogenes: the first 30 years. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003;3:459–65. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc1097.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Adderley H, Blackhall FH, Lindsay CR. KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer: converging small molecules and immune checkpoint inhibition. EBioMedicine. 2019;41:711–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.02.049.

Article  PubMed