From the *Department of Anesthesiology

†Critical Care and Perioperative Population Health Research (CAPER) Program, Department of Anesthesiology

‡Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology

§Department of Population Health Sciences

‖Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics

¶Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine

#Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina

**Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.

Reprints will not be available from the authors.

Accepted for publication March 27, 2023.

Funding: M.L.M. receives grant support from the Foundation for Anesthesia Education and Research, Mentored Research Training Grant. M.E. is supported by National Institute of Mental Health grant 1K01MH127309. J.J.F. is supported by National Institute of Mental Health grant K12HD103083 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) of the US National Institutes of Health. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal’s website.

This study was presented as an oral presentation at the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists in May 2022, in Palm Springs, CA.

Address correspondence to Marie-Louise Meng, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, DUMC 3094, Durham, NC 27710. Address e-mail to [email protected].