Ostrom QT, Patil N, Cioffi G, Waite K, Kruchko C, Barnholtz-Sloan JS. CBTRUS Statistical Report: primary brain and other Central Nervous System tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2013–2017. Neuro Oncol. 2020;22(12 Suppl 2):iv1–96.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Goodenberger ML, Jenkins RB. Genetics of adult glioma. Cancer Genet. 2012;205(12):613–21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ostrom QT, Price M, Neff C, Cioffi G, Waite KA, Kruchko C, et al. CBTRUS Statistical Report: primary brain and other Central Nervous System tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2015–2019. Neuro Oncol. 2022;24(Suppl 5):v1–95.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stupp R, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ, Weller M, Fisher B, Taphoorn MJB, et al. Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(10):987–96.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen W, Wang Y, Zhao B, Liu P, Liu L, Wang Y, et al. Optimal therapies for recurrent glioblastoma: a bayesian network Meta-analysis. Front Oncol. 2021;11:641878.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wen PY, Kesari S. Malignant gliomas in adults. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(5):492–507.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eckel-Passow JE, Lachance DH, Molinaro AM, Walsh KM, Decker PA, Sicotte H, et al. Glioma groups based on 1p/19q, IDH, and TERT promoter mutations in tumors. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(26):2499–508.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Louis DN, Perry A, Wesseling P, Brat DJ, Cree IA, Figarella-Branger D, et al. The 2021 WHO classification of tumors of the Central Nervous System: a summary. Neuro Oncol. 2021;23(8):1231–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Phillips HS, Kharbanda S, Chen R, Forrest WF, Soriano RH, Wu TD, et al. Molecular subclasses of high-grade glioma predict prognosis, delineate a pattern of disease progression, and resemble stages in neurogenesis. Cancer Cell. 2006;9(3):157–73.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang Q, Hu B, Hu X, Kim H, Squatrito M, Scarpace L, et al. Tumor evolution of Glioma-Intrinsic Gene Expression Subtypes Associates with immunological changes in the Microenvironment. Cancer Cell. 2017;32(1):42–56. e6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Verhaak RG, Hoadley KA, Purdom E, Wang V, Qi Y, Wilkerson MD, et al. Integrated genomic analysis identifies clinically relevant subtypes of glioblastoma characterized by abnormalities in PDGFRA, IDH1, EGFR, and NF1. Cancer Cell. 2010;17(1):98–110.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cohen MH, Shen YL, Keegan P, Pazdur R. FDA drug approval summary: bevacizumab (avastin) as treatment of recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. Oncologist. 2009;14(11):1131–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heldin C-H. Targeting the PDGF signaling pathway in tumor treatment. Cell Commun Signal. 2013;11:97.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ng F, Boucher S, Koh S, Sastry KS, Chase L, Lakshmipathy U, et al. PDGF, TGF-beta, and FGF signaling is important for differentiation and growth of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs): transcriptional profiling can identify markers and signaling pathways important in differentiation of MSCs into adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic lineages. Blood. 2008;112(2):295–307.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Funa K, Sasahara M. The roles of PDGF in Development and during neurogenesis in the normal and diseased nervous system. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2014;9(2):168–81.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lokker NA, Sullivan CM, Hollenbach SJ, Israel MA, Giese NA. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) autocrine signaling regulates survival and mitogenic pathways in glioblastoma cells: evidence that the novel PDGF-C and PDGF-D ligands may play a role in the development of brain tumors. Cancer Res. 2002;62(13):3729–35.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Plate KH, Breier G, Weich HA, Risau W. Vascular endothelial growth factor is a potential tumour angiogenesis factor in human gliomas in vivo. Nature. 1992;359(6398):845–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lane R, Cilibrasi C, Chen J, Shah K, Messuti E, Mazarakis NK, et al. PDGF-R inhibition induces glioblastoma cell differentiation via DUSP1/p38(MAPK) signalling. Oncogene. 2022;41(19):2749–63.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Roberts WG, Whalen PM, Soderstrom E, Moraski G, Lyssikatos JP, Wang HF, et al. Antiangiogenic and antitumor activity of a selective PDGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, CP-673,451. Cancer Res. 2005;65(3):957–66.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Blay J-Y, Serrano C, Heinrich MC, Zalcberg J, Bauer S, Gelderblom H, et al. Ripretinib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours (INVICTUS): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(7):923–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jones RL, Serrano C, von Mehren M, George S, Heinrich MC, Kang Y-K, et al. Avapritinib in unresectable or metastatic PDGFRA D842V-mutant gastrointestinal stromal tumours: long-term efficacy and safety data from the NAVIGATOR phase I trial. Eur J Cancer. 2021;145:132–42.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mayr L, Trissal M, Schwark K, Labelle J, Groves A, Furtner-Srajer J, et al. Abstract 5719: clinical response to the PDGFRα inhibitor avapritinib in high-grade glioma patients. Cancer Res. 2023;83(7Supplement):5719.

Article  Google Scholar 

Teuber A, Schulz T, Fletcher BS, Gontla R, Mühlenberg T, Zischinsky ML, et al. Avapritinib-based SAR studies unveil a binding pocket in KIT and PDGFRA. Nat Commun. 2024;15(1):63.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Martin-Broto J, Moura DS. New drugs in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Curr Opin Oncol. 2020;32(4):314–20.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Blakeley JON, Fisher JD, Lieberman FS, Lupo J, Nabors LB, Crane J, et al. Imaging biomarkers of ramucirumab and olaratumab in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. JCO. 2013;31(15suppl):2044.

Article  Google Scholar 

Tinkle CL, Broniscer A, Chiang J, Campagne O, Huang J, Orr BA et al. Phase I study using crenolanib to target PDGFR kinase in children and young adults with newly diagnosed DIPG or recurrent high-grade glioma, including DIPG. Neuro-Oncology Adv. 2021;3(1).

Mayr L, Trissal M, Schwark K, Labelle J, Kong S, Groves A, et al. DDDR-22. TRANSLATION OF THE PDGFRA/KIT INHIBITOR AVAPRITINIB FOR PEDIATRIC HIGH-GRADE GLIOMA. Neuro Oncol. 2022;24(Supplement7):vii103–vii.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kargiotis O, Rao JS, Kyritsis AP. Mechanisms of angiogenesis in gliomas. J Neurooncol. 2006;78(3):281–93.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rubenstein JL, Kim J, Ozawa T, Zhang M, Westphal M, Deen DF, et al. Anti-VEGF antibody treatment of Glioblastoma Prolongs Survival but results in increased vascular cooption. Neoplasia. 2000;2(4):306–14.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Friedman HS, Prados MD, Wen PY, Mikkelsen T, Schiff D, Abrey LE, et al. Bevacizumab alone and in combination with irinotecan in recurrent glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(28):4733–40.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kreisl TN, Kim L, Moore K, Duic P, Royce C, Stroud I, et al. Phase II trial of single-Agent Bevacizumab followed by Bevacizumab Plus Irinotecan at Tumor Progression in Recurrent Glioblastoma. JCO. 2009;27(5):740–5.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lai A, Tran A, Nghiemphu PL, Pope WB, Solis OE, Selch M, et al. Phase II study of bevacizumab plus temozolomide during and after radiation therapy for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(2):142–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chinot OL, Wick W, Mason W, Henriksson R, Saran F, Nishikawa R, et al. Bevacizumab plus radiotherapy-temozolomide for newly diagnosed glioblastoma. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(8):709–22.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gilbert MR, Dignam JJ, Armstrong TS, Wefel JS, Blumenthal DT, Vogelbaum MA, et al. A randomized trial of bevacizumab for newly diagnosed glioblastoma. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(8):699–708.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hygino da Cruz LC Jr., Rodriguez I, Domingues RC, Gasparetto EL, Sorensen AG. Pseudoprogression and pseudoresponse: imaging challenges in the assessment of posttreatment glioma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2011;32(11):1978–85.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fukumura D, Kloepper J, Amoozgar Z, Duda DG, Jain RK. Enhancing cancer immunotherapy using antiangiogenics: opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2018;15(5):325–40.

Article