Almuklass AM, Price RC, Gould JR, Enoka RM (2016) Force steadiness as a predictor of time to complete a pegboard test of dexterity in young men and women. J Appl Physiol (1985) 120:1410–1417. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01051.2015

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Christou EA (2005) Visual feedback attenuates force fluctuations induced by a stressor. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37:2126–2133

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Christou EA (2011) Aging and variability of voluntary contractions. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 39:77–84

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Christou EA, Jakobi JM, Critchlow A, Fleshner M, Enoka RM (2004) The 1- to 2-Hz oscillations in muscle force are exacerbated by stress, especially in older adults. J Appl Physiol 97:225–235

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Enoka RM, Farina D (2021) Force steadiness: from motor units to voluntary actions. Physiology (Bethesda) 36:114–130. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00027.2020

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Enoka RM, Christou EA, Hunter SK, Kornatz KW, Semmler JG, Taylor AM, Tracy BL (2003) Mechanisms that contribute to differences in motor performance between young and old adults. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 13:1–12

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fox EJ, Baweja HS, Kim C, Kennedy DM, Vaillancourt DE, Christou EA (2013) Modulation of force below 1 Hz: age-associated differences and the effect of magnified visual feedback. PLoS ONE 8:e55970

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fox SI (2003) Human Physiology. The MacGraw-Hill Companies

Galganski ME, Fuglevand AJ, Enoka RM (1993) Reduced control of motor output in a human hand muscle of elderly subjects during submaximal contractions. J Neurophysiol 69:2108–2115

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heckman CJ, Hyngstrom AS, Johnson MD (2008) Active properties of motoneurone dendrites: diffuse descending neuromodulation, focused local inhibition. J Physiol 586:1225–1231. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.145078

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heintz Walters B, Huddleston WE, O’Connor K, Wang J, Hoeger Bement M, Keenan KG (2023) Visual feedback and declines in attention are associated with altered visual strategy during a force-steadiness task in older adults. J Neurophysiol. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00486.2022

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jakobi JM, Haynes EMK, Smart RR (2018) Is there sufficient evidence to explain the cause of sexually dimorphic behaviour in force steadiness? Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 43:1207–1214. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2018-0196

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jenz ST, Beauchamp JA, Gomes MM, Negro F, Heckman CJ, Pearcey GEP (2023) Estimates of persistent inward currents in lower limb motoneurons are larger in females than in males. J Neurophysiol 129:1322–1333. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00043.2023

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Johnson AN, Shinohara M (2012) Corticomuscular coherence with and without additional task in the elderly. J Appl Physiol 112:970–981

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Johnson AN, Wheaton LA, Shinohara M (2011) Attenuation of corticomuscular coherence with additional motor or non-motor task. Clin Neurophysiol 122:356–363

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kajantie E, Phillips DI (2006) The effects of sex and hormonal status on the physiological response to acute psychosocial stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology 31:151–178

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Keenan KG, Massey WV, Walters TJ, Collins JD (2012) Sensitivity of EMG-EMG coherence to detect the common oscillatory drive to hand muscles in young and older adults. J Neurophysiol 107:2866–2875

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Keller-Ross ML, Pereira HM, Pruse J, Yoon T, Schlinder-Delap B, Nielson KA, Hunter SK (2014) Stress-induced increase in muscle fatigability of young men and women is predicted by strength but not voluntary activation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 116:767–778

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kennedy DM, Christou EA (2011) Greater amount of visual information exacerbates force control in older adults during constant isometric contractions. Exp Brain Res 213:351–361

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kornatz KW, Christou EA, Enoka RM (2005) Practice reduces motor unit discharge variability in a hand muscle and improves manual dexterity in old adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 98:2072–2080

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kriska AM, Bennett PH (1992) An epidemiological perspective of the relationship between physical activity and NIDDM: from activity assessment to intervention. Diabetes Metab Rev 8:355–372

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Laine CM, Yavuz SU, Farina D (2014) Task-related changes in sensorimotor integration influence the common synaptic input to motor neurones. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 211:229–239

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lorist MM, Kernell D, Meijman TF, Zijdewind I (2002) Motor fatigue and cognitive task performance in humans. J Physiol 545:313–319

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mani D, Feeney DF, Enoka RM (2019) The modulation of force steadiness by electrical nerve stimulation applied to the wrist extensors differs for young and older adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 119:301–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-018-4025-6

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marmon AR, Pascoe MA, Schwartz RS, Enoka RM (2011) Associations among strength, steadiness, and hand function across the adult life span. Med Sci Sports Exerc 43:560–567

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mello EM, Magalhaes FH, Kohn AF (2013) Larger plantar flexion torque variability implies less stable balance in the young: an association affected by knee position. Hum Mov Sci 32:1310–1324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2013.05.004

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mesquita RNO, Taylor JL, Trajano GS, Holobar A, Goncalves BAM, Blazevich AJ (2023) Effects of jaw clenching and mental stress on persistent inward currents estimated by two different methods. Eur J Neurosci 58:4011–4033. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.16158

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Negro F, Holobar A, Farina D (2009) Fluctuations in isometric muscle force can be described by one linear projection of low-frequency components of motor unit discharge rates. J Physiol 587:5925–5938

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Noteboom JT, Fleshner M, Enoka RM (2001) Activation of the arousal response can impair performance on a simple motor task. J Appl Physiol 91:821–831

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oldfield RC (1971) The assessment and analysis of handedness: the edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia 9:97–113

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oomen NM, van Dieen JH (2017) Effects of age on force steadiness: a literature review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 35:312–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2016.11.004

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Orssatto LBR, Fernandes GL, Blazevich AJ, Trajano GS (2022) Facilitation-inhibition control of motor neuronal persistent inward currents in young and older adults. J Physiol 600:5101–5117. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP283708

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pereira HM, Hunter SK (2023) Cognitive challenge as a probe to expose sex- and age-related differences during static contractions. Front Physiol 14:1166218. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1166218

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pereira HM, Spears VC, Schlinder-Delap B et al (2015a) Sex differences in arm muscle fatigability with cognitive demand in older adults. Clin Orthop Relat Res 473:2568–2577. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-015-4205-1

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pereira HM, Spears VC, Schlinder-Delap B, Yoon T, Nielson KA, Hunter SK (2015b) Age and sex differences in steadiness of elbow flexor muscles with imposed cognitive demand. Eur J Appl Physiol 115:1367–1379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-015-3113-0

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pereira HM, Schlinder-Delap B, Nielson KA, Hunter SK (2018) Force steadiness during a cognitively challenging motor task is predicted by executive function in older adults. Front Physiol 9:1316. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01316

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pereira HM, Schlinder-DeLap B, Keenan KG et al (2019) Oscillations in neural drive and age-related reductions in force steadiness with a cognitive challenge. J Appl Physiol (1985). https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00821.2018

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shortz AE, Mehta RK (2017) Cognitive challenges, aging, and neuromuscular fatigue. Physiol Behav 170:19–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.11.034