Over the past few decades, the role of the cerebellum in cognitive and affective processes in addition to its role in motor function has become increasingly apparent and appreciated. A similar trajectory can also be seen in the more specific context of psychopathology research, which has seen an influx of interest in and findings related to the cerebellum over a similar time course. The current paper begins by presenting a selected overview of literature implicating the cerebellum in a wide range of psychological disorders. The text that follows grapples with how to conceptualize the role that the cerebellum may be playing in psychopathology given this striking emergence of cerebellar abnormalities transdiagnostically. This main portion of the paper emphasizes recent cutting-edge advances in cerebellar cognitive neuroscience, challenges posed by perennial issues in psychopathology research, and recent advances in the investigation of the cerebellum transdiagnostically. I also outline some of the complexities and knowledge gaps, along with relevant recent developments in the literature, that arise in endeavoring to understand cerebellar contributions to psychopathology.