Merenstein JL, Corrada MM, Kawas CH, Bennett IJ. Age affects white matter microstructure and episodic memory across the older adult lifespan. Neurobiol Aging. 2021;106:282–91.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tromp D, Dufour A, Lithfous S, Pebayle T, Després O. Episodic memory in normal aging and Alzheimer disease: Insights from imaging and behavioral studies. Ageing Res Rev. 2015;24:232–62.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hankosky ER, Sherrill LK, Ruvola LA, Haake RM, Kim T, Hammerslag LR, Gulley JM. Effects of β-hydroxy-β-methyl butyrate on working memory and cognitive flexibility in an animal model of aging. Nutr Neurosci. 2017;20:379–87.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lacreuse A, Parr L, Chennareddi L, Herndon JG. Age-related decline in cognitive flexibility in female chimpanzees. Neurobiol Aging. 2018;72:83–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Matzel LD, Light KR, Wass C, Colas-Zelin D, Denman-Brice A, Waddel AC, Kolata S. Longitudinal attentional engagement rescues mice from age-related cognitive declines and cognitive inflexibility. Learn Mem. 2011;18:345–56.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bizon JL, Foster TC, Alexander GE, Glisky EL. Characterizing cognitive aging of working memory and executive function in animal models. Front Aging Neurosci. 2012;4:19.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Unverzagt FW, Gao S, Baiyewu O, Ogunniyi AO, Gureje O, Perkins A, Hendrie HC. Prevalence of cognitive impairment: Data from the Indianapolis Study of Health and Aging. Neurology. 2001;57:1655–62.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Canas JJ, Fajardo I, Salmeron L. Cognitive flexibility. Int Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors. 2006;1:297–301.

Google Scholar 

Manrique HM, Call J. Age-dependent cognitive inflexibility in great apes. Anim Behav. 2015;102:1–6.

Article  Google Scholar 

Chamberlain SR, Solly JE, Hook RW, Vaghi MM, Robbins TW. Cognitive inflexibility in OCD and related disor. The Neurobiology and Treatment of OCD: Accelerating Progress. 2021;49:125–45.

Gu BM, Park JY, Kang DH, Lee SJ, Yoo SY, Jo HJ, Kwon JS. Neural correlates of cognitive inflexibility during task-switching in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain. 2008;131:155–64.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kwapis JL, Alaghband Y, Keiser AA, Dong TN, Michael CM, Rhee D, Wood MA. Aging mice show impaired memory updating in the novel OUL updating paradigm. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2020;45(2):337–46.

Article  Google Scholar 

Merhav M, Riemer M, Wolbers T. Spatial updating deficits in human aging are associated with traces of former memory representations. Neurobiol Aging. 2019;76:53–61.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moyer JR Jr, Brown TH. Impaired trace and contextual fear conditioning in aged rats. Behav Neurosci. 2006;120:612.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dulka BN, Trask S, Helmstetter FJ. Age-related memory impairment and sex-specific alterations in phosphorylation of the Rpt6 proteasome subunit and polyubiquitination in the basolateral amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:163.

Article  Google Scholar 

Trask S, Dulka BN, Helmstetter FJ. Age-related memory impairment is associated with increased zif268 protein accumulation and decreased Rpt6 phosphorylation. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:5352.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kwapis JL, Jarome TJ, Lee JL, Gilmartin MR, Helmstetter FJ. Extinguishing trace fear engages the retrosplenial cortex rather than the amygdala. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2014;113:41–54.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ferrara NC, Cullen PK, Pullins SP, Rotondo EK, Helmstetter FJ. Input from the medial geniculate nucleus modulates amygdala encoding of fear memory discrimination. Learn Mem. 2017;24:414–21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ferrara NC, Trask S, Pullins SE, Helmstetter FJ. Regulation of learned fear expression through the MgN-amygdala pathway. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2021;185:107526.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Orsini CA, Maren S. Glutamate receptors in the medial geniculate nucleus are necessary for expression and extinction of conditioned fear in rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2009;92:581–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chowdhury N, Quinn JJ, Fanselow MS. Dorsal hippocampus involvement in trace fear conditioning with long, but not short, trace intervals in mice. Behav Neurosci. 2005;119:13–96.

Article  Google Scholar 

Fournier DI, Monasch RR, Bucci DJ, Todd TP. Retrosplenial cortex damage impairs unimodal sensory preconditioning. Behav Neurosci. 2020;134:198.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gilmartin MR, Kwapis JL, Helmstetter FJ. Trace and contextual fear conditioning are impaired following unilateral microinjection of muscimol in the ventral hippocampus or amygdala, but not the medial prefrontal cortex. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2012;97:452–64.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Quinn JJ, Oommen SS, Morrison GE, Fanselow MS. Post-training excitotoxic lesions of the dorsal hippocampus attenuate forward trace, backward trace, and delay fear conditioning in a temporally specific manner. Hippocampus. 2002;12:495–504.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Raybuck JD, Lattal KM. Double dissociation of amygdala and hippocampal contributions to trace and delay fear conditioning. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e15982.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Robinson S, Todd TP, Pasternak AR, Luikart BW, Skelton PD, Urban DJ, Bucci DJ. Chemogenetic silencing of neurons in retrosplenial cortex disrupts sensory preconditioning. J Neurosci. 2014;34:10982–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Trask S, Pullins SE, Ferrara NC, Helmstetter FJ. The anterior retrosplenial cortex encodes event-related information and the posterior retrosplenial cortex encodes context-related information during memory formation. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2021;46:1386–92.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Trask S, Ferrara NC, Grisales K, Helmstetter FJ. Optogenetic inhibition of either the anterior or posterior retrosplenial cortex disrupts retrieval of a trace, but not delay, fear memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2021;185:107530.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Trask S, Helmstetter FJ. Unique roles for the anterior and posterior retrosplenial cortices in encoding and retrieval of memory for context. Cereb Cortex. 2022;32:3602–10.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Todd TP, Mehlman ML, Keene CS, DeAngeli NE, Bucci DJ. Retrosplenial cortex is required for the retrieval of remote memory for auditory cues. Learn Mem. 2016;23:278–88.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kwapis JL, Jarome TJ, Lee JL, Helmstetter FJ. The retrosplenial cortex is involved in the formation of memory for context and trace fear conditioning. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2015;123:110–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ash JA, Lu H, Taxier LR, Long JM, Yang Y, Stein EA, Rapp PR. Functional connectivity with the retrosplenial cortex predicts cognitive aging in rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2016;113(43):12286–91.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Buckner RL. Memory and executive function in aging and AD: Multiple factors that cause decline and reserve factors that compensate. Neuron. 2004;44:195–208.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bouton ME, Maren S, McNally GP. Behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms of Pavlovian and instrumental extinction learning. Physiol Rev. 2021;101:611–81.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Trask S, Thrailkill EA, Bouton ME. Occasion setting, inhibition, and the contextual control of extinction in Pavlovian and instrumental (operant) learning. Behav Processes. 2017;137:64–72.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lacagnina AF, Brockway ET, Crovetti CR, Shue F, McCarty MJ, Sattler KP, Drew MR. Distinct hippocampal engrams control extinction and relapse of fear memory. Nat Neurosci. 2019;22:753–61.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Corcoran KA, Frick BJ, Radulovic J, Kay LM. Analysis of coherent activity between retrosplenial cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and anterior cingulate cortex during retrieval of recent and remote context fear memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2016;127:93–101.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Corcoran KA, Leaderbrand K, Radulovic J. Extinction of remotely acquired fear depends on an inhibitory NR2B/PKA pathway in the retrosplenial cortex. J Neurosci. 2013;33:19492–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sachser RM, Crestani AP, Quillfeldt JA, e Souza, T. M., & de Oliveira Alvares, L. The cannabinoid system in the retrosplenial cortex modulates fear memory consolidation,