Sellami M, Bragazzi N, Prince MS, Denham J, Elrayess M. Regular, intense exercise training as a healthy aging lifestyle strategy: preventing DNA damage, telomere shortening and adverse DNA methylation changes over a lifetime. Front Genet. 2021;12: 652497.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ahmad S, Heraclides A, Sun Q, Elgzyri T, Rönn T, Ling C, et al. Telomere length in blood and skeletal muscle in relation to measures of glycaemia and insulinaemia. Diabet Med. 2012;29(10):e377–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Weiskopf D, Weinberger B, Grubeck-Loebenstein B. The aging of the immune system. Trans Inter. 2009;22(11):1041–50.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hansson GK, Hermansson A. The immune system in atherosclerosis. Nat Immunol. 2011;12(3):204–12.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maynard S, Keijzers G, Hansen AM, Osler M, Molbo D, Bendix L, et al. Associations of subjective vitality with DNA damage, cardiovascular risk factors and physical performance. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2015;213(1):156–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ramos JS, Dalleck LC, Ramos MV, Borrani F, Roberts L, Gomersall S, et al. 12 min/week of high-intensity interval training reduces aortic reservoir pressure in individuals with metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial. J Hypertens. 2016;34(10):1977–87.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sawyer BJ, Tucker WJ, Bhammar DM, Ryder JR, Sweazea KL, Gaesser GA. Effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on endothelial function and cardiometabolic risk markers in obese adults. J Appl Physiol. 2016;121(1):279–88.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wentzensen IM, Mirabello L, Pfeiffer RM, Savage SA. The association of telomere length and cancer: a meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prevent. 2011;20(6):1238–50.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhang X, Zhao Q, Zhu W, Liu T, Xie SH, Zhong LX, et al. The Association of telomere length in peripheral blood cells with cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prevent. 2017;26(9):1381–90.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Forero DA, González-Giraldo Y, López-Quintero C, Castro-Vega LJ, Barreto GE, Perry G. Meta-analysis of Telomere length in Alzheimer’s disease. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2016;71(8):1069–73.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

von Zglinicki T, Bürkle A, Kirkwood TB. Stress, DNA damage and ageing – an integrative approach. Exp Gerontol. 2001;36(7):1049–62.

Article  Google Scholar 

Fisher-Wellman K, Bloomer RJ. Acute exercise and oxidative stress: a 30 year history. Dynam Med DM. 2009;8:1.

Article  Google Scholar 

Barrès R, Yan J, Egan B, Treebak JT, Rasmussen M, Fritz T, et al. Acute exercise remodels promoter methylation in human skeletal muscle. Cell Metab. 2012;15(3):405–11.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Werner CM, Hecksteden A, Morsch A, Zundler J, Wegmann M, Kratzsch J, et al. Differential effects of endurance, interval, and resistance training on telomerase activity and telomere length in a randomized, controlled study. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(1):34–46.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Probst AV, Dunleavy E, Almouzni G. Epigenetic inheritance during the cell cycle. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2009;10(3):192–206.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grazioli E, Dimauro I, Mercatelli N, Wang G, Pitsiladis Y, Di Luigi L, et al. Physical activity in the prevention of human diseases: role of epigenetic modifications. BMC Genom. 2017;18(Suppl 8):802.

Article  Google Scholar 

Baylin SB, Jones PA. A decade of exploring the cancer epigenome - biological and translational implications. Nat Rev Cancer. 2011;11(10):726–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fincham JRS. Epigenetic Mechanisms of Gene Regulation. Edited by Russo VEA, Martienssen RA, Riggs AD. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1996. 693+xii pages. Price $125. ISBN 0 87969 490 4. Genetics Research. 1997;69(2):159–62.

Santos-Rebouças CB, Pimentel MM. Implication of abnormal epigenetic patterns for human diseases. Eur J Hum Genet EJHG. 2007;15(1):10–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Feng J, Chang H, Li E, Fan G. Dynamic expression of de novo DNA methyltransferases Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b in the central nervous system. J Neurosci Res. 2005;79(6):734–46.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goto K, Numata M, Komura JI, Ono T, Bestor TH, Kondo H. Expression of DNA methyltransferase gene in mature and immature neurons as well as proliferating cells in mice. Different Res Biol Divers. 1994;56(1–2):39–44.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Choy MK, Movassagh M, Goh HG, Bennett MR, Down TA, Foo RS. Genome-wide conserved consensus transcription factor binding motifs are hyper-methylated. BMC Genom. 2010;11:519.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jones PL, Veenstra GJ, Wade PA, Vermaak D, Kass SU, Landsberger N, et al. Methylated DNA and MeCP2 recruit histone deacetylase to repress transcription. Nat Genet. 1998;19(2):187–91.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

MacDonald JL, Roskams AJ. Epigenetic regulation of nervous system development by DNA methylation and histone deacetylation. Prog Neurobiol. 2009;88(3):170–83.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bochtler M, Kolano A, Xu GL. DNA demethylation pathways: Additional players and regulators. BioEssays. 2017;39(1):1–13.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lawrence M, Daujat S, Schneider R. Lateral thinking: how histone modifications regulate gene expression. Trends Genet TIG. 2016;32(1):42–56.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moore LD, Le T, Fan G. DNA methylation and its basic function. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013;38(1):23–38.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thune I, Furberg A-S. Physical activity and cancer risk: dose-response and cancer, all sites and site-specific. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(6 Suppl):S530–50; discussion S609.

Friedenreich CM, Orenstein MR. Physical activity and cancer prevention: etiologic evidence and biological mechanisms. J Nutr. 2002;132(11):3456S-3464S.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McTiernan A. Mechanisms linking physical activity with cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2008;8(3):205–11.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lin DC. Exercise impacts the epigenome of cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2022;25(3):379–80.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dufresne S, Guéritat J, Wong CP, Isanejad A, Ho E, Serna E, et al. Exercise training as a modulator of epigenetic events in prostate tumors. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2022;25(1):119–22.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barros-Silva D, Costa-Pinheiro P, Duarte H, Sousa EJ, Evangelista AF, Graça I, et al. MicroRNA-27a-5p regulation by promoter methylation and MYC signaling in prostate carcinogenesis. Cell Death Dis. 2018;9(2):167.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gueritat J, Lefeuvre-Orfila L, Vincent S, Cretual A, Ravanat J-L, Gratas-Delamarche A, et al. Exercise training combined with antioxidant supplementation prevents the antiproliferative activity of their single treatment in prostate cancer through inhibition of redox adaptation. Free Radical Biol Med. 2014;77:95–105.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Dimeo FC, Stieglitz RD, Novelli-Fischer U, Fetscher S, Keul J. Effects of physical activity on the fatigue and psychologic status of cancer patients during chemotherapy. Cancer. 1999;85(10):2273–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ibrahim EM, Al-Homaidh A. Physical activity and survival after breast cancer diagnosis: meta-analysis of published studies. Med Oncol (Northwood, London, England). 2011;28(3):753–65.

Article  Google Scholar 

Zeng H, Irwin ML, Lu L, Risch H, Mayne S, Mu L, et al. Physical activity and breast cancer survival: an epigenetic link through reduced methylation of a tumor suppressor gene L3MBTL1. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012;133(1):127–35.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bryan AD, Magnan RE, Hooper AE, Harlaar N, Hutchison KE. Physical activity and differential methylation of breast cancer genes assayed from saliva: a preliminary investigation. Ann Behav Med. 2013;45(1):89–98.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Coyle YM. Physical activity as a negative modulator of estrogen-induced breast cancer. Cancer Causes Control CCC. 2008;19(10):1021–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rogers CJ, Colbert LH, Greiner JW, Perkins SN, Hursting SD. Physical activity and cancer prevention: pathways and targets for intervention. Sports Med (Auckland, NZ). 2008;38(4):271–96.

Article  Google Scholar 

Slattery ML, Curtin K, Sweeney C, Levin TR, Potter J, Wolff RK, et al. Diet and lifestyle