Chiang PL, Chen HL, Lu CH, Chen PC, Chen MH, Yang IH et al (2017) White matter damage and systemic inflammation in Parkinson’s disease. BMC Neurosci 18(1):48

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Paolini Paoletti F, Simoni S, Parnetti L, Gaetani L (2021) The contribution of small vessel disease to neurodegeneration: focus on Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and multiple sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 22(9):4958. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094958

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jellinger KA (2014) Neuropathology of Parkinson’s disease. Inflamm Parkinson’s Dis: Sci Clin Asp. Springer, pp 25–74

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Kachidian P, Gubellini P (2021) Genetic models of Parkinson’s disease. Clin Trials Parkinson's Dis 37–84

Djaldetti R, Lev N, Melamed E (2009) Lesions outside the CNS in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord: Off J Mov Disord Soc 24(6):793–800

Article  Google Scholar 

Sulzer D, Surmeier DJ (2013) Neuronal vulnerability, pathogenesis, and Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 28(6):715–724

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lashuel HA, Mahul-Mellier A-L, Novello S, Hegde RN, Jasiqi Y, Altay MF et al (2022) Revisiting the specificity and ability of phospho-S129 antibodies to capture alpha-synuclein biochemical and pathological diversity. npj Parkinson’s Dis 8(1):136

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sian-Hulsmann J, Monoranu C, Strobel S, Riederer P (2015) Lewy bodies: a spectator or salient killer? CNS Neurol Disord-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-CNS & Neurological Disorders) 14(7):947–55

CAS  Google Scholar 

Harsanyiova J, Buday T, Kralova TA (2020) Parkinson’s disease and the gut: future perspectives for early diagnosis. Front Neurosci 14:626

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Berg D, Borghammer P, Fereshtehnejad S-M, Heinzel S, Horsager J, Schaeffer E et al (2021) Prodromal Parkinson disease subtypes—key to understanding heterogeneity. Nat Rev Neurol 17(6):349–361

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bhidayasiri R, Rattanachaisit W, Phokaewvarangkul O, Lim TT, Fernandez HH (2019) Exploring bedside clinical features of parkinsonism: a focus on differential diagnosis. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 59:74–81

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Koga S, Aoki N, Uitti RJ, Van Gerpen JA, Cheshire WP, Josephs KA et al (2015) When DLB, PD, and PSP masquerade as MSA: an autopsy study of 134 patients. Neurology 85(5):404–412

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schiesling C, Kieper N, Seidel K, Krüger R (2008) Familial Parkinson’s disease–genetics, clinical phenotype and neuropathology in relation to the common sporadic form of the disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 34(3):255–271

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Domingo A, Klein C (2018) Genetics of Parkinson disease. Handb Clin Neurol 147:211–27 (Elsevier)

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gao H-M, Hong J-S (2011) Gene–environment interactions: key to unraveling the mystery of Parkinson’s disease. Prog Neurobiol 94(1):1–19

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ghatak S, Trudler D, Dolatabadi N, Ambasudhan R (2018) Parkinson’s disease: what the model systems have taught us so far. J Genet 97:729–751

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hirtz D, Thurman DJ, Gwinn-Hardy K, Mohamed M, Chaudhuri A, Zalutsky R (2007) How common are the “common” neurologic disorders? Neurology 68(5):326–337

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim SD, Allen NE, Canning CG, Fung VSC (2018) Chapter 11 - Parkinson disease. In: Day BL, Lord SR, editors. Handb Clin Neurol 159: 173–93 Elsevier

Elbaz A, Carcaillon L, Kab S, Moisan F (2016) Epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease. Revue neurologique 172(1):14–26

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

WHO. Parkinson disease 2023 [Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/parkinson-disease

Gazerani P (2019) Probiotics for Parkinson’s disease. Int J Mol Sci 20(17):4121. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20174121

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yang K, Wu Z, Long J, Li W, Wang X, Hu N et al (2023) White matter changes in Parkinson’s disease. NPJ Parkinson’s Dis 9(1):150

Article  Google Scholar 

Romano S, Savva GM, Bedarf JR, Charles IG, Hildebrand F, Narbad A (2021) Meta-analysis of the Parkinson’s disease gut microbiome suggests alterations linked to intestinal inflammation. NPJ Parkinson’s Dis 7(1):27

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mitrea L, Nemeş SA, Szabo K, Teleky BE, Vodnar DC (2022) Guts imbalance imbalances the brain: a review of gut microbiota association with neurological and psychiatric disorders. Front Med 9:813204

Article  Google Scholar 

Baldini F, Hertel J, Sandt E, Thinnes CC, Neuberger-Castillo L, Pavelka L et al (2020) Parkinson’s disease-associated alterations of the gut microbiome predict disease-relevant changes in metabolic functions. BMC Biol 18(1):62

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hou K, Wu Z-X, Chen X-Y, Wang J-Q, Zhang D, Xiao C et al (2022) Microbiota in health and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 7(1):135

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fujio-Vejar S, Vasquez Y, Morales P, Magne F, Vera-Wolf P, Ugalde JA et al (2017) The gut microbiota of healthy chilean subjects reveals a high abundance of the phylum verrucomicrobia. Front Microbiol 8:1221

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ochoa-Repáraz J, Kasper LH (2016) The second brain: is the gut microbiota a link between obesity and central nervous system disorders? Curr Obes Rep 5:51–64

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhou B, Yuan Y, Zhang S, Guo C, Li X, Li G et al (2020) Intestinal flora and disease mutually shape the regional immune system in the intestinal tract. Front Immunol 11:575

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chakrabarti A, Geurts L, Hoyles L, Iozzo P, Kraneveld AD, La Fata G et al (2022) The microbiota–gut–brain axis: pathways to better brain health. Perspectives on what we know, what we need to investigate and how to put knowledge into practice. Cell Mol Life Sci 79(2):80

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dos Santos JCC, Lima MPP, de Castro Brito GA, de Barros Viana GS (2022) Role of enteric glia and microbiota-gut-brain axis in parkinson disease pathogenesis. Ageing Res Rev 101812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2022.101812

Moustafa SA, Mohamed S, Dawood A, Azar J, Elmorsy E, Rizk NA et al (2021) Gut brain axis: an insight into microbiota role in Parkinson’s disease. Metab Brain Dis 36(7):1545–1557

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zeisel SH (1999) Regulation of “nutraceuticals.” Am Assoc Adv Sci 285(5435):1853–1855

CAS  Google Scholar 

Girija AR (2018) 6 - Peptide nutraceuticals. In: Koutsopoulos S, editor. Peptide Appl Biomed Biotechnol Bioeng: Woodhead Publishing 157–81

Enciu A-M, Codrici E, Mihai S, Manole E, Pop S, Codorean E et al (2018) Role of nutraceuticals in modulation of gut-brain axis in elderly persons. Gerontology 247:248–265

Google Scholar 

Maiti P, Manna J, Dunbar GL (2017) Current understanding of the molecular mechanisms in Parkinson’s disease: Targets for potential treatments. Transl Neurodegener 6:1–35

Article  Google Scholar 

Caminiti SP, Presotto L, Baroncini D, Garibotto V, Moresco RM, Gianolli L et al (2017) Axonal damage and loss of connectivity in nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopamine pathways in early Parkinson’s disease. NeuroImage: Clin 14:734–40

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Korczyn AD, Balash Y, Gurevich T (2017) Parkinson’s disease. In: Quah SR (ed) International Encyclopedia of Public Health, 2nd edn. Academic Press, Oxford, pp 409–415

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Grinberg LT, Rueb U, di Lorenzo Alho AT, Heinsen H (2010) Brainstem pathology and non-motor symptoms in PD. J Neurol Sci 289(1–2):81–88

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pasquini J, Brooks DJ, Pavese N (2021) The cholinergic brain in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord Clin Pract 8(7):1012–1026

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hornykiewicz O (1998) Biochemical aspects of Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 51(2 Suppl 2):S2–S9

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Humbert J, Beyer K, Carrato C, Mate JL, Ferrer I, Ariza A (2007) Parkin and synphilin-1 isoform expression changes in Lewy body diseases. Neurobiol Dis 26(3):681–687

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Castonguay A-M, Gravel C, Lévesque M (2021) Treating Parkinson’s disease with antibodies: Previous studies and future directions. J Parkinsons Dis 11(1):71–92

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schneider SA, Alcalay RN (2017) Neuropathology of genetic synucleinopathies with parkinsonism: review of the literature. Mov Disord 32(11):1504–1523

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central