Aghajanian GK, Bunney BS (1974) Central dopaminergic neurons: neurophysiological identification and responses to drugs. Biochem Pharmacol 23:523–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(74)90074-4

Article  Google Scholar 

American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical Manual of Mental disorders. DSM-5

Andrade AK, Renda B, Sharivker M et al (2021) Sex differences in the discriminative stimulus characteristics of a morphine occasion setter in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 205:173173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173173

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Anglin MD, Hser Y, McGlothlin WH (1987) Sex differences in Addict Careers. 2. Becoming addicted. Am J Drug Alcohol Abus 13:59–71. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952998709001500

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Aquili L, Bowman EM, Schmidt R (2020) Occasion setters determine responses of putative DA neurons to discriminative stimuli. Neurobiol Learn Mem 173:107270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107270

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bakhti-Suroosh A, Towers EB, Lynch WJ (2021) A buprenorphine-validated rat model of opioid use disorder optimized to study sex differences in vulnerability to relapse. Psychopharmacology 238:1029–1046. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05750-2

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Barreiros IV, Panayi MC, Walton ME (2021) Organization of afferents along the anterior–posterior and medial–lateral axes of the rat Orbitofrontal Cortex. Neuroscience 460:53–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.02.017

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Belin D, Belin-Rauscent A, Murray JE, Everitt BJ (2013) Addiction: failure of control over maladaptive incentive habits. Curr Opin Neurobiol 23:564–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2013.01.025

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berger B, Thierry AM, Tassin JP, Moyne MA (1976) Dopaminergic innervation of the rat prefrontal cortex: a fluorescence histochemical study. Brain Res 106:133–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(76)90078-0

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berger B, Gaspar P, Verney C (1991) Dopaminergic innervation of the cerebral cortex: unexpected differences between rodents and primates. Trends Neurosci 14:21–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(91)90179-x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berridge KC, Robinson TE (2016) Liking, Wanting, and the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Am Psychol 71:670–679. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000059

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Besheer J, Palmatier MI, Metschke DM, Bevins RA (2004) Nicotine as a signal for the presence or absence of sucrose reward: a pavlovian drug appetitive conditioning preparation in rats. Psychopharmacology 172:108–117

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Besheer J, Fisher KR, Durant B (2012) Assessment of the interoceptive effects of alcohol in rats using short-term training procedures. Alcohol 46:747–755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcohol.2012.08.003

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bevins RA, Besheer J (2014) Interoception and Learning: import to understanding and treating diseases and psychopathologies. Acs Chem Neurosci 5:624–631. https://doi.org/10.1021/cn5001028

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bevins RA, Murray JE (2011) Associative learning and Conditioning Theory. 270–289. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199735969.003.0084

Bevins RA, Palmatier MI (2004) Extending the role of associative learning processes in Nicotine Addiction. Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev 3:143–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534582304272005

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bonci A, Williams JT (1996) A common mechanism mediates long-term changes in synaptic transmission after Chronic Cocaine and Morphine. Neuron 16:631–639. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80082-3

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brandon TH, Vidrine JI, Litvin EB (2007) Relapse and relapse Prevention. Annu Rev Clin Psycho 3:257–284. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091455

Article  Google Scholar 

Chaudhri N, Sahuque LL, Cone JJ, Janak PH (2008) Reinstated ethanol-seeking in rats is modulated by environmental context and requires the nucleus accumbens core. Eur J Neurosci 28:2288–2298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06517.x

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen M, Zhao Y, Yang H et al (2015) Morphine disinhibits glutamatergic input to VTA dopamine neurons and promotes dopamine neuron excitation. Elife 4:e09275. https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.09275

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chiara GD, Porceddu ML, Fratta W, Gessa GL (1977) Postsynaptic receptors are not essential for dopaminergic feedback regulation. Nature 267:270–272. https://doi.org/10.1038/267270a0

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cicero TJ, Ennis T, Ogden J, Meyer ER (2000) Gender differences in the reinforcing properties of Morphine. Pharmacol Biochem Be 65:91–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0091-3057(99)00174-4

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cicero TJ, Aylward SC, Meyer ER (2003) Gender differences in the intravenous self-administration of mu opiate agonists. Pharmacol Biochem Be 74:541–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0091-3057(02)01039-0

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Comer SD, Cooper ZD, Kowalczyk WJ et al (2010) Evaluation of potential sex differences in the subjective and analgesic effects of morphine in normal, healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology 208:45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-009-1703-4

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cook CD, Beardsley PM (2004) Modulation of the discriminative stimulus effects of mu opioid agonists in rats: I. effects of dopamine D2/3 antagonists. Behav Pharmacol 15:65–74. https://doi.org/10.1097/00008877-200402000-00008

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Corre J, van Zessen R, Loureiro M et al (2018) Dopamine neurons projecting to medial shell of the nucleus accumbens drive heroin reinforcement. Elife 7:e39945. https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.39945

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Corrigall WA, Coen KM (1990) Selective D1 and D2 dopamine antagonists decrease response rates of food-maintained behavior and reduce the discriminative stimulus produced by heroin. Pharmacol Biochem Be 35:351–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(90)90168-h

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Craft RM, Leitl MD (2008) Gonadal hormone modulation of the behavioral effects of ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol in male and female rats. Eur J Pharmacol 578:37–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.09.004

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Craft RM, Morgan CL, Bernal SA (1998) Reinforcement frequency, but not gender, determines sensitivity,to discriminative discriminative stimulus effects of. Morphine. Behav Pharmacol 9:357–362. https://doi.org/10.1097/00008877-199807000-00007

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Craft RM, Heideman LM, Bartok RE (1999) Effect of gonadectomy on discriminative stimulus effects of morphine in female versus male rats. Drug Alcohol Depen 53:95–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0376-8716(98)00112-4

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Craig AD (2002) How do you feel? Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body. Nat Rev Neurosci 3:655–666. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn894

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

D’Ottavio G, Reverte I, Ragozzino D et al (2022) Increased heroin intake and relapse vulnerability in intermittent relative to continuous self-administration: sex differences in rats. Brit J Pharmacol. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.15791

Article  Google Scholar 

Darcq E, Kieffer BL (2018) Opioid receptors: drivers to addiction? Nat Rev Neurosci 19:499–514. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-018-0028-x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

David V, Durkin TP, Cazala P (2002) Differential effects of the dopamine D2/D3 receptor antagonist sulpiride on self-administration of morphine into the ventral tegmental area or the nucleus accumbens. Psychopharmacology 160:307–317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-001-0981-2

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Davis WM, Smith SG (1976) Role of conditioned reinforcers in the initiation, maintenance and extinction of drug-seeking behavior. Pavlovian J Biol Sci Official J Pavlovian 11:222–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03000316

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

de Wit H, Stewart J (1981) Reinstatement of cocaine-reinforced responding in the rat. Psychopharmacology 75:134–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00432175

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Wit H, Stewart J (1983) Drug reinstatement of heroin-reinforced responding in the rat. Psychopharmacology 79:29–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00433012

Article  PubMed