Not applicable.

CENTER-TBI participants and investigators

Cecilia Åkerlund20, Krisztina Amrein21, Nada Andelic1,2, Lasse Andreassen22, Audny Anke23, Anna Antoni24, Gérard Audibert25, Philippe Azouvi26, Maria Luisa Azzolini27, Ronald Bartels28, Pál Barzó29, Romuald Beauvais30, Ronny Beer31, Bo-Michael Bellander32, Antonio Belli33, Habib Benali34, Maurizio Berardino35, Luigi Beretta27, Morten Blaabjerg36, Peter Bragge37, Alexandra Brazinova38, Vibeke Brinck39, Joanne Brooker40, Camilla Brorsson41, Andras Buki42, Monika Bullinger43, Manuel Cabeleira44, Alessio Caccioppola45, Emiliana Calappi 46, Maria Rosa Calv27, Peter Cameron46, Guillermo Carbayo Lozano47, Marco Carbonara45, Simona Cavallo35, Giorgio Chevallard48, Arturo Chieregato48, Giuseppe Citerio49, 50, Hans Clusmann51, Mark Coburn52, Jonathan Coles53, Jamie D. Cooper54, Marta Correia55, Amra Čović 56, Nicola Curry57, Endre Czeiter42, Marek Czosnyka44, Claire Dahyot-Fizelier58, Paul Dark59, Helen Dawes60, Véronique De Keyser61, Vincent Degos34, Francesco Della Corte62, Hugo den Boogert28, Bart Depreitere63, Đula Đilvesi 64, Abhishek Dixit65, Emma Donoghue40, Jens Dreier66, Guy-Loup Dulière67, Ari Ercole65, Patrick Esser60, Erzsébet Ezer68, Martin Fabricius69, Valery L. Feigin70, Kelly Foks71, Shirin Frisvold72, Alex Furmanov73, Pablo Gagliardo74, Damien Galanaud34, Dashiell Gantner46, Guoyi Gao75, Pradeep George76, Alexandre Ghuysen77, Lelde Giga78, Ben Glocker79, Jagoš Golubovic64, Pedro A. Gomez 80, Johannes Gratz81 Benjamin Gravesteijn82, Francesca Grossi62, Russell L. Gruen83, Deepak Gupta84, Juanita A. Haagsma82, Iain Haitsma85, Raimund Helbok31, Eirik Helseth5,6, Lindsay Horton 86, Jilske Huijben82, Peter J. Hutchinson87, Bram Jacobs15, Stefan Jankowski88, Mike Jarrett39, Ji-yao Jiang76, Faye Johnson89, Kelly Jones70, Mladen Karan64, Angelos G. Kolias87, Erwin Kompanje90, Daniel Kondziella69, Evgenios Kornaropoulos65, Lars-Owe Koskinen91, Noémi Kovács92, Ana Kowark93, Alfonso Lagares80, Linda Lanyon76, Steven Laurfeys94, Fiona Lecky95, 96, Didier Ledoux94, Rolf Lefering97, Valerie Legrand98, Aurelie Lejeune99, Leon Levi100, Roger Lightfoot101, Hester Lingsma82, Andrew I.R. Maas61,102, Ana M. Castaño-León80, Marc Maegele103, Marek Majdan38, Alex Manara104, Geoffrey Manley105, Costanza Martino106, Hugues Maréchal67, Julia Mattern107, Catherine McMahon108, Béla Melegh109, David Menon65, Tomas Menovsky61,102, Ana Mikolic82, Benoit Misset94, Visakh Muraleedharan76, Lynnette Murray46, Ancuta Negru110, David Nelson20, Virginia Newcombe65, Daan Nieboer82, József Nyirádi21, Otesile Olubukola95, Matej Oresic111, Fabrizio Ortolano45, Aarno Palotie112, 113, 114, Paul M. Parizel115, Jean-François Payen116, Natascha Perera30, Vincent Perlbarg34, Paolo Persona117, Wilco Peul118, Anna Piippo-Karjalainen119, Matti Pirinen112, Dana Pisica82, Horia Ples110, Suzanne Polinder82, Inigo Pomposo47, Jussi P. Posti 120, Louis Puybasset121, Andreea Radoi 122, Arminas Ragauskas123, Rahul Raj119, Malinka Rambadagalla124, Isabel Retel Helmrich82, Jonathan Rhodes125, Sylvia Richardson126, Sophie Richter65, Samuli Ripatti112, Saulius Rocka123, Cecilie Roe1,2,5, Olav Roise127,128, Jonathan Rosand114, Jeffrey V. Rosenfeld130, Christina Rosenlund131, Guy Rosenthal73, Rolf Rossaint93, Sandra Rossi117, Daniel Rueckert79 Martin Rusnák132, Juan Sahuquillo122, Oliver Sakowitz107, 133, Renan Sanchez-Porras133, Janos Sandor134, Nadine Schäfer97, Silke Schmidt135, Herbert Schoechl136, Guus Schoonman137, Rico Frederik Schou138, Elisabeth Schwendenwein24, Charlie Sewalt82, Ranjit D. Singh1118, Toril Skandsen7,8,9, Peter Smielewski44, Abayomi Sorinola140, Emmanuel Stamatakis65, Simon Stanworth57, Robert Stevens141, William Stewart142, Ewout W. Steyerberg82, 143, Nino Stocchetti144, Nina Sundström145, Riikka Takala146, Viktória Tamás140, Tomas Tamosuitis147, Mark Steven Taylor38, Aurore Thibaut94, Braden Te Ao70, Olli Tenovuo120, Alice Theadom11, Matt Thomas104, Dick Tibboel148, Marjolein Timmers90, Christos Tolias149, Tony Trapani46, Cristina Maria Tudora110, Andreas Unterberg107, Peter Vajkoczy 150, Shirley Vallance46, Egils Valeinis78, Zoltán Vámos68, Mathieu van der Jagt151, Gregory Van der Steen61, Joukje van der Naalt15, Jeroen T.J.M. van Dijck 118, Inge A. M. van Erp118, Thomas A. van Essen118, Wim Van Hecke152, Caroline van Heugten153, Ernest van Veen82, Thijs Vande Vyvere154, Roel P. J. van Wijk118, Alessia Vargiolu50, Emmanuel Vega99, Kimberley Velt82, Jan Verheyden152, Paul M. Vespa155, Anne Vik139, 156, Rimantas Vilcinis147, Victor Volovici85, Nicole von Steinbüchel4, Daphne Voormolen82, Petar Vulekovic64, Kevin K.W. Wang157, Daniel Whitehouse65, Eveline Wiegers82, Guy Williams65, Lindsay Wilson86, Stefan Winzeck65, Stefan Wolf158, Zhihui Yang129, Peter Ylén159, Alexander Younsi107, Frederick A. Zeiler65,160, Veronika Zelinkova38, Agate Ziverte78, Tommaso Zoerle45

20Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

21János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary

22Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway

23Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway

24Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria

25Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital Nancy, Nancy, France

26Raymond Poincare hospital, Assistance Publique – Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France

27Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, S Raffaele University Hospital, Milan, Italy

28Department of Neurosurgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

29Department of Neurosurgery, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary

30International Projects Management, ARTTIC, Munchen, Germany

31Department of Neurology, Neurological Intensive Care Unit, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria

32Department of Neurosurgery & Anesthesia & intensive care medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

33NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Birmingham, UK

34Anesthesie-Réanimation, Assistance Publique – Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France

35Department of Anesthesia & ICU, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino - Orthopedic and Trauma Center, Torino, Italy

36Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

37BehaviourWorks Australia, Monash Sustainability Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia

38Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia

39Quesgen Systems Inc., Burlingame, California, USA

40Australian & New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia

41Department of Surgery and Perioperative Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.

42Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary and Neurotrauma Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Hungary

43Department of Medical Psychology, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany

44Brain Physics Lab, Division of Neurosurgery, Dept of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

45Neuro ICU, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy

46ANZIC Research Centre, Monash University, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

47Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital of Cruces, Bilbao, Spain

48NeuroIntensive Care, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy

49School of Medicine and Surgery, Università Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy

50NeuroIntensive Care Unit, Department Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy

51Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.

52Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany

53Department of Anesthesia & Neurointensive Care, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.

54School of Public Health & PM, Monash University and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

55Radiology/MRI department, MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK

56Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

57Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK

58Intensive Care Unit, CHU Poitiers, Potiers, France

59University of Manchester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Critical Care Directorate, Salford Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK

60Movement Science Group, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK

61Department of Neurosurgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium

62Department of Anesthesia & Intensive Care, Maggiore Della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy

63Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

64Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical centre of Vojvodina, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia

65Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

66Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

67Intensive Care Unit, CHR Citadelle, Liège, Belgium

68Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary

69Departments of Neurology, Clinical Neurophysiology and Neuroanesthesiology, Region Hovedstaden Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

70National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand

71Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

72Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive care, University Hospital Northern Norway, Tromso, Norway

73Department of Neurosurgery, Hadassah-hebrew University Medical center, Jerusalem, Israel

74Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Neurorrehabilitación (FIVAN), Valencia, Spain

75Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Renji hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University/school of medicine, Shanghai, China

76Karolinska Institutet, INCF International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility, Stockholm, Sweden

77Emergency Department, CHU, Liège, Belgium

78Neurosurgery clinic, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia

79Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK

80Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain

81Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria

82Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

83College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia

84Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosciences Centre & JPN Apex trauma centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, India

85Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

86Division of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK

87Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke’s Hospital & University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.

88Neurointensive Care , Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK

89Salford Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Acute Research Delivery Team, Salford, UK

90Department of Intensive Care and Department of Ethics and Philosophy of Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

91Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.

92Hungarian Brain Research Program - Grant No. KTIA_13_NAP-A-II/8, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary

93Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital of Aachen, Aachen, Germany

94Cyclotron Research Center , University of Liège, Liège, Belgium

95Centre for Urgent and Emergency Care Research (CURE), Health Services Research Section, School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

96Emergency Department, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford UK

97Institute of Research in Operative Medicine (IFOM), Witten/Herdecke University, Cologne, Germany

98VP Global Project Management CNS, ICON, Paris, France

99Department of Anesthesiology-Intensive Care, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France

100Department of Neurosurgery, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel

101Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospitals Southhampton NHS Trust, Southhampton, UK

102Department of Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium

103Cologne-Merheim Medical Center (CMMC), Department of Traumatology, Orthopedic Surgery and Sportmedicine, Witten/Herdecke University, Cologne, Germany

104Intensive Care Unit, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, Bristol, UK

105Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

106Department of Anesthesia & Intensive Care,M. Bufalini Hospital, Cesena, Italy

107Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

108Department of Neurosurgery, The Walton centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK

109Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary

110Department of Neurosurgery, Emergency County Hospital Timisoara , Timisoara, Romania

111School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.

112Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

113Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine; Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

114Program in Medical and Population Genetics; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA

115Department of Radiology, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium

116Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, University Hospital of Grenoble, Grenoble, France

117Department of Anesthesia & Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliera Università di Padova, Padova, Italy

118Dept. of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands and Dept. of Neurosurgery, Medical Center Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands

119Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital

120Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Neurosurgery and Turku Brain Injury Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland

121Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Pitié -Salpêtrière Teaching Hospital, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris and University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France

122Neurotraumatology and Neurosurgery Research Unit (UNINN), Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain

123Department of Neurosurgery, Kaunas University of technology and Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania

124Department of Neurosurgery, Rezekne Hospital, Latvia

125Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine NHS Lothian & University of Edinburg, Edinburgh, UK

126Director, MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, UK

127Division of Orthopedics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

128Institue of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

129Broad Institute, Cambridge MA Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA, USA

130National Trauma Research Institute, The Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

131Department of Neurosurgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

132International Neurotrauma Research Organisation, Vienna, Austria

133Klinik für Neurochirurgie, Klinikum Ludwigsburg, Ludwigsburg, Germany

134Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

135Department Health and Prevention, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

136Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, AUVA Trauma Hospital, Salzburg, Austria

137Department of Neurology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Ziekenhuis, Tilburg, the Netherlands

138Department of Neuroanesthesia and Neurointensive Care, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

139Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway

140Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary

141Division of Neuroscience Critical Care, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA

142Department of Neuropathology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital and University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

143Dept. of Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

144Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Milan University, and Neuroscience ICU, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy

145Department of Radiation Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.

146Perioperative Services, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Management, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland

147Department of Neurosurgery, Kaunas University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania

148Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

149Department of Neurosurgery, Kings college London, London, UK

150 Neurologie, Neurochirurgie und Psychiatrie, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

151 Department of Intensive Care Adults, Erasmus MC– University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

152icoMetrix NV, Leuven, Belgium

153Movement Science Group, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK

154Radiology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium

155 Director of Neurocritical Care, University of California, Los Angeles, USA

156 Department of Neurosurgery, St.Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway

157Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

158Department of Neurosurgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.

159VTT Technical Research Centre, Tampere, Finland.

160Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada