Author contributions

Annie Li contributed to study design, ethics application, data collection, data analysis, and manuscript preparation, and agrees to be accountable for all aspects of the work. Ahmed F. Hegazy contributed to study design, ethics application, and manuscript revision, and agrees to be accountable for all aspects of the work. Luis E. M. Vasquez, Lisa Liu, Alexandra M. Durocher, Andrea Vucetic, Arjun Patel, and Courtney Fleming contributed to data collection and manuscript revision, and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work. Jason Chui contributed to study design, ethics application, data analysis, and manuscript preparation and agrees to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge Ms. Huifang Liu, Data Analyst at London Health Sciences Center, Canada and Mr. Jason Nagyszegi, Medical Clerk at London Health Sciences Center, Canada for patient identification and patient chart retrieval.

Disclosures

The authors declare no competing interests.

Funding statement

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this work.

Prior conference presentations

An abstract was presented at the 2022 Canadian Anesthesiologists’ Society Annual Meeting (24–26 June, Halifax, NS, Canada).

Editorial responsibility

This submission was handled by Dr. Patricia S. Fontela, Associate Editor, Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d’anesthésie.