Wang X, Xu J, Kang Q (2020) Neuromodulation of bone: role of different peptides and their interactions (review). Mol Med Rep 23(1):1–1

Article  Google Scholar 

Konttinen YT, Imai S, Suda A (1996) Neuropeptides and the puzzle of bone remodeling: state of the art. Acta Orthop Scand 67(6):632–639

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Comb M, Seeburg PH, Adelman J, Eiden L, Herbert E (1982) Primary structure of the human Met- and Leu-enkephalin precursor and its mRNA. Nature 295(5851):663–666

Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lutz P-E, Kieffer BL (2013) Opioid receptors: distinct roles in mood disorders. Trends Neurosci 36(3):195–206

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fricker LD, Margolis EB, Gomes I, Devi LA (2020) Five decades of research on opioid peptides: current knowledge and unanswered questions. Mol Pharmacol 98(2):96–108

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Przewłocki R, Przewłocka B (2001) Opioids in chronic pain. Eur J Pharmacol 429(1–3):79–91

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barron BA (1999) Opioid peptides and the heart. Cardiovasc Res 43:13–16

Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Janković BD, Radulović J (1992) Enkephalins, brain and immunity: modulation of immune responses by methionine-enkephalin injected into the cerebral cavity. Int J Neurosci 67(1–4):241–270

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Holzer P (2009) Opioid receptors in the gastrointestinal tract. Regul Pept 155(1–3):11–17

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Keshet E, Polakiewicz RD, Itin A, Ornoy A, Rosen H (1989) Proenkephalin A is expressed in mesodermal lineages during organogenesis. Embo J 8(10):2917–2923

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kew D, Kilpatrick DL (1990) Widespread organ expression of the rat proenkephalin gene during early postnatal development. Mol Endocrinol 4(2):337–340

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barron BA, Oakford LX, Gaugl JF, Caffrey JL (1995) Methionine-enkephalin-Arg-Phe immunoreactivity in heart tissue. Peptides 16(7):1221–1227

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Denning GM, Ackermann LW, Barna TJ, Armstrong JG, Stoll LL, Weintraub NL, Dickson EW (2008) Proenkephalin expression and enkephalin release are widely observed in non-neuronal tissues. Peptides 29(1):83–92

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Capulli M, Rufo A, Teti A, Rucci N (2009) Global transcriptome analysis in mouse calvarial osteoblasts highlights sets of genes regulated by modeled microgravity and identifies a “mechanoresponsive osteoblast gene signature.” J Cell Biochem 107(2):240–252

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rosen H, Polakiewicz RD, Benzakine S, Bar-Shavit Z (1991) Proenkephalin A in bone-derived cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88(9):3705–3709

Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Elhassan AM, Lindgren JU, Hultenby K, Bergstrom J, Adem A (1998) Methionine-enkephalin in bone and joint tissues. J Bone Miner Res 13(1):88–95

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rosen H, Krichevsky A, Bar-Shavit Z (1998) The enkephalinergic osteoblast. J Bone Miner Res 13(10):1515–1520

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rosen H, Krichevsky A, Polakiewicz RD, Benzakine S, Bar-Shavit Z (1995) Developmental regulation of proenkephalin gene expression in osteoblasts. Mol Endocrinol 9(11):1621–1631

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Seitz S, Barvencik F, Gebauer M, Albers J, Schulze J, Streichert T, Amling M, Schinke T (2010) Preproenkephalin (Penk) is expressed in differentiated osteoblasts, and its deletion in Hyp mice partially rescues their bone mineralization defect. Calcif Tissue Int 86(4):282–293

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

König M, Zimmer AM, Steiner H, Holmes PV, Crawley JN, Brownstein MJ, Zimmer A (1996) Pain responses, anxiety and aggression in mice deficient in pre-proenkephalin. Nature 383(6600):535–538

Article  ADS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pérez-Castrillón JL, Olmos JM, Gómez JJ, Barrallo A, Riancho JA, Perera L, Valero C, Amado JA, González-Macías J (2000) Expression of opioid receptors in osteoblast-like MG-63 cells, and effects of different opioid agonists on alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin secretion by these cells. Neuroendocrinology 72(3):187–194

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sakata T, Sakai A, Tsurukami H, Okimoto N, Okazaki Y, Ikeda S, Norimura T, Nakamura T (1999) Trabecular bone turnover and bone marrow cell development in tail-suspended mice. J Bone Miner Res 14(9):1596–1604

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rucci N, Capulli M, Piperni SG, Cappariello A, Lau P, Frings-Meuthen P, Heer M, Teti A (2015) Lipocalin 2: a new mechanoresponding gene regulating bone homeostasis. J Bone Miner Res 30(2):357–368

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Warner SE, Sanford DA, Becker BA, Bain SD, Srinivasan S, Gross TS (2006) Botox induced muscle paralysis rapidly degrades bone. Bone 38(2):257–264

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Frings-Meuthen P, Buehlmeier J, Baecker N, Stehle P, Fimmers R, May F, Kluge G, Heer M (2011) High sodium chloride intake exacerbates immobilization-induced bone resorption and protein losses. J Appl Physiol 111(2):537–542

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Capulli M, Ponzetti M, Maurizi A, Gemini-Piperni S, Berger T, Mak TW, Teti A, Rucci N (2018) A complex role for Lipocalin 2 in bone metabolism: global ablation in mice induces osteopenia caused by an altered energy metabolism. J Bone Miner Res 33(6):1141–1153

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ponzetti M, Ucci A, Maurizi A, Giacchi L, Teti A, Rucci N (2022) Lipocalin 2 influences bone and muscle phenotype in the MDX mouse model of duchenne muscular dystrophy. Int J Mol Sci 23(2):958

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lorensen WE, Cline HE (1987) Marching cubes: a high resolution 3D surface construction algorithm. ACM SIGGRAPH Comput Graph 21(4):163–169

Article  Google Scholar 

Feldkamp LA, Davis LC, Kress JW (1984) Practical cone-beam algorithm. J Opt Soc Am A 1(6):612–619

Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Pratt W (1991) Digital image processing, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York

Google Scholar 

Bouxsein ML, Boyd SK, Christiansen BA, Guldberg RE, Jepsen KJ, Müller R (2010) Guidelines for assessment of bone microstructure in rodents using micro-computed tomography. J Bone Miner Res 25(7):1468–1486

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rufo A, Del Fattore A, Capulli M, Carvello F, De Pasquale L, Ferrari S, Pierroz D, Morandi L, De Simone M, Rucci N, Bertini E, Bianchi ML, De Benedetti F, Teti A (2011) Mechanisms inducing low bone density in Duchenne muscular dystrophy in mice and humans. J Bone Miner Res 26(8):1891–1903

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dempster DW, Compston JE, Drezner MK, Glorieux FH, Kanis JA, Malluche H, Meunier PJ, Ott SM, Recker RR, Parfitt AM (2013) Standardized nomenclature, symbols, and units for bone histomorphometry: a 2012 update of the report of the ASBMR Histomorphometry Nomenclature Committee. J Bone Miner Res 28(1):2–17

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sogi C, Takeshita N, Jiang W, Kim S, Maeda T, Yoshida M, Oyanagi T, Ito A, Kimura S, Seki D, Takano I, Sakai Y, Fujiwara I, Kure S, Takano-Yamamoto T (2020) Methionine enkephalin suppresses osteocyte apoptosis induced by compressive force through regulation of nuclear translocation of NFATc1. JBMR Plus 4(7):e10369

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen QC, Zhang Y (2022) The role of NPY in the regulation of bone metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 13:833485

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Janas A, Folwarczna J (2017) Opioid receptor agonists may favorably affect bone mechanical properties in rats with estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 390(2):175–185

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tanaka K, Kondo H, Hamamura K, Togari A (2019) Systemic administration of low-dose naltrexone increases bone mass due to blockade of opioid growth factor receptor signaling in mice osteoblasts. Life Sci 224:232–240

Article  CAS  PubMed