Exacerbations

Macrophage polarisation

Musculoskeletal-lung axis

Antioxidant

Precision medicine

Pulmonary rehabilitation

Angiotensin converting enzyme

Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Bone morphogenic protein

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Forced expiratory volume in the first second

Global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease

Hematopoietic stem cell

Insulin-like growth factor 1

Muscle atrophy F-box

Matrix metalloproteinase

Myoblast determination protein 1

Receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB

Receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand

Reactive nitrogen species

Reactive oxygen species

Transforming growth factor β

Tumour necrosis factor α

No data was used for the research described in the article.

© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.