Sung, H. et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 71, 209–249 (2021).
Abualkhair, W. H. et al. Geographic and intra-racial disparities in early-onset colorectal cancer in the SEER 18 registries of the United States. Cancer Med. 9, 9150–9159 (2020).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Spaander, M. C. W. et al. Young-onset colorectal cancer. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 9, 21 (2023).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Meester, R. G. S., Mannalithara, A., Lansdorp-Vogelaar, I. & Ladabaum, U. Trends in incidence and stage at diagnosis of colorectal cancer in adults aged 40 through 49 years, 1975-2015. JAMA 321, 1933–1934 (2019).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Dozois, E. J. et al. Young-onset colorectal cancer in patients with no known genetic predisposition: can we increase early recognition and improve outcome. Medicine 87, 259–263 (2008).
Adam, I. J. et al. Role of circumferential margin involvement in the local recurrence of rectal cancer. Lancet 344, 707–711 (1994).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Heald, R. J., Husband, E. M. & Ryall, R. D. The mesorectum in rectal cancer surgery — the clue to pelvic recurrence? Br. J. Surg. 69, 613–616 (1982).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Heald, R. J. & Ryall, R. D. Recurrence and survival after total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Lancet 1, 1479–1482 (1986).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Enker, W. E. Potency, cure, and local control in the operative treatment of rectal cancer. Arch. Surg. 127, 1396–1401 (1992).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Heald, R. J. & Karanjia, N. D. Results of radical surgery for rectal cancer. World J. Surg. 16, 848–857 (1992).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
van der Pas, M. H. et al. Laparoscopic versus open surgery for rectal cancer (COLOR II): short-term outcomes of a randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 14, 210–218 (2013).
Jones, K., Qassem, M. G., Sains, P., Baig, M. K. & Sajid, M. S. Robotic total meso-rectal excision for rectal cancer: a systematic review following the publication of the ROLARR trial. World J. Gastrointest. Oncol. 10, 449–464 (2018).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Glynne-Jones, R. et al. Rectal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann. Oncol. 28, iv22–iv40 (2017).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Rectal Cancer Version 5, 2023. NCCN https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/rectal.pdf (2023).
Lambregts, D. M. J. et al. Current controversies in TNM for the radiological staging of rectal cancer and how to deal with them: results of a global online survey and multidisciplinary expert consensus. Eur. Radiol. 32, 4991–5003 (2022).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Keller, D. S., Berho, M., Perez, R. O., Wexner, S. D. & Chand, M. The multidisciplinary management of rectal cancer. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 17, 414–429 (2020).
Fujita, S. et al. Mesorectal excision with or without lateral lymph node dissection for clinical stage II/III lower rectal cancer (JCOG0212): a multicenter, randomized controlled, noninferiority trial. Ann. Surg. 266, 201–207 (2017).
Tsukamoto, S. et al. Long-term follow-up of the randomized trial of mesorectal excision with or without lateral lymph node dissection in rectal cancer (JCOG0212). Br. J. Surg. 107, 586–594 (2020).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Aschele, C. et al. Primary tumor response to preoperative chemoradiation with or without oxaliplatin in locally advanced rectal cancer: pathologic results of the STAR-01 randomized phase III trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 29, 2773–2780 (2011).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Gérard, J. P. et al. Clinical outcome of the ACCORD 12/0405 PRODIGE 2 randomized trial in rectal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 30, 4558–4565 (2012).
Rödel, C. et al. Oxaliplatin added to fluorouracil-based preoperative chemoradiotherapy and postoperative chemotherapy of locally advanced rectal cancer (the German CAO/ARO/AIO-04 study): final results of the multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 16, 979–989 (2015).
Allegra, C. J. et al. Neoadjuvant 5-FU or capecitabine plus radiation with or without oxaliplatin in rectal cancer patients: a phase III randomized clinical trial. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 107, djv248 (2015).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bosset, J. F. et al. Fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy after preoperative chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer: long-term results of the EORTC 22921 randomised study. Lancet Oncol. 15, 184–190 (2014).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Sainato, A. et al. No benefit of adjuvant fluorouracil leucovorin chemotherapy after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced cancer of the rectum (LARC): long term results of a randomized trial (I-CNR-RT). Radiother. Oncol. 113, 223–229 (2014).
Sharma, R. A comparative examination of colorectal cancer burden in European Union, 1990-2019: estimates from Global Burden of Disease 2019 Study. Int. J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 1309–1320 (2022).
Sebag-Montefiore, D. et al. Preoperative radiotherapy versus selective postoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer (MRC CR07 and NCIC-CTG C016): a multicentre, randomised trial. Lancet 373, 811–820 (2009).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Peeters, K. C. et al. The TME trial after a median follow-up of 6 years: increased local control but no survival benefit in irradiated patients with resectable rectal carcinoma. Ann. Surg. 246, 693–701 (2007).
van Gijn, W. et al. Preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for resectable rectal cancer: 12-year follow-up of the multicentre, randomised controlled TME trial. Lancet Oncol. 12, 575–582 (2011).
Rödel, C. et al. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy and postoperative chemotherapy with fluorouracil and oxaliplatin versus fluorouracil alone in locally advanced rectal cancer: initial results of the German CAO/ARO/AIO-04 randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 13, 679–687 (2012).
Carvalho, C. & Glynne-Jones, R. Challenges behind proving efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy after preoperative chemoradiation for rectal cancer. Lancet Oncol. 18, e354–e363 (2017).
Bahadoer, R. R. et al. Short-course radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy before total mesorectal excision (TME) versus preoperative chemoradiotherapy, TME, and optional adjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer (RAPIDO): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 22, 29–42 (2021).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Conroy, T. et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with FOLFIRINOX and preoperative chemoradiotherapy for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (UNICANCER-PRODIGE 23): a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 22, 702–715 (2021).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Jin, J. et al. Multicenter, randomized, phase III trial of short-term radiotherapy plus chemotherapy versus long-term chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer (STELLAR). J. Clin. Oncol. 40, 1681–1692 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Dijkstra, E. A. et al. Locoregional failure during and after short-course radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy and surgery compared to long-course chemoradiotherapy and surgery — a five-year follow-up of the RAPIDO trial. Ann. Surg. 278, e766–e772 (2023).
Etienne, P.-L. et al. Total neoadjuvant therapy with mFOLFIRINOX versus preoperative chemoradiation in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer: 7-year results of PRODIGE 23 phase III trial, a UNICANCER GI trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 41, LBA3504 (2023).
Shi, D. D. & Mamon, H. J. Playing with dynamite? A cautious assessment of TNT. J. Clin. Oncol. 39, 103–106 (2021).
Glynne-Jones, R. & Harrison, M. Should the RAPIDO schedule represent standard of care in locally advanced rectal cancer? Ann. Oncol. 33, 745–746 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Glynne-Jones, R. & Hollingshead, J. TNT and local recurrence in the RAPIDO trial — untangling the puzzle. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 20, 357–358 (2023).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Emons, G. et al. Gene-expression profiles of pretreatment biopsies predict complete respo
留言 (0)