Villano JL et al (2011) Age, gender, and racial differences in incidence and survival in primary CNS lymphoma. Br J Cancer 105(9):1414–1418

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shao L et al (2021) Recent Progress on Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma-From Bench to Bedside. Front Oncol 11:689843

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu J et al (2015) Immunochemotherapy for primary central nervous system lymphoma with rituximab, methotrexate, cytarabine and dexamethasone: Retrospective analysis of 18 cases. Mol Clin Oncol 3(4):949–953

Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schaff LR, Grommes C (2021) Update on Novel Therapeutics for Primary CNS Lymphoma. Cancers (basel) 13(21)

Swerdlow SH et al (2016) The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms. Blood 127(20):2375–2390

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Baraniskin A, Schroers R (2021) Liquid Biopsy and Other Non-Invasive Diagnostic Measures in PCNSL. Cancers (basel) 13(11)

Yuan Y et al (2021) Current and emerging therapies for primary central nervous system lymphoma. Biomark Res 9(1):32

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ferreri AJ et al (2003) Prognostic scoring system for primary CNS lymphomas: the International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group experience. J Clin Oncol 21(2):266–272

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abrey LE et al (2006) Primary central nervous system lymphoma: the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center prognostic model. J Clin Oncol 24(36):5711–5715

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pine JK et al (2015) Systemic neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in colorectal cancer: the relationship to patient survival, tumour biology and local lymphocytic response to tumour. Br J Cancer 113(2):204–211

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Krenn-Pilko S et al (2014) The elevated preoperative platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. Br J Cancer 110(10):2524–2530

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shoji F et al (2020) Complete Blood Cell Count-Derived Inflammatory Biomarkers in Early-Stage Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 26(5):248–255

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Keam B et al (2015) Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio improves prognostic prediction of International Prognostic Index for patients with diffuse large B‑cell lymphoma treated with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone. Leuk Lymphoma 56(7):2032–2038

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Troppan K et al (2014) The derived neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio is an independent prognostic factor in patients with diffuse large B‑cell lymphoma. Br J Cancer 110(2):369–374

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

You H, Wei L, Kaminska B (2021) Emerging insights into origin and pathobiology of primary central nervous system lymphoma. Cancer Lett 509:121–129

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Young PA et al (2020) Durable Survival Outcomes in Primary and Secondary Central Nervous System Lymphoma After High-dose Chemotherapy and Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation Using a Thiotepa, Busulfan, and Cyclophosphamide Conditioning Regimen. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk 20(7):468–479

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ferreri AJ et al (2016) Chemoimmunotherapy with methotrexate, cytarabine, thiotepa, and rituximab (MATRix regimen) in patients with primary CNS lymphoma: results of the first randomisation of the International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group-32 (IELSG32) phase 2 trial. Lancet Haematol 3(5):e217–27

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cote GM et al (2012) Autologous stem cell transplantation with thiotepa, busulfan, and cyclophosphamide (TBC) conditioning in patients with CNS involvement by non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 18(1):76–83

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sarid N et al (2021) Impact of contemporary regimens on the outcomes and toxicity of primary CNS lymphoma: a single-center retrospective analysis of 73 patients. J Neurooncol 151(2):211–220

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wirsching HG et al (2021) Targeted Therapies and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Primary CNS Lymphoma. Cancers (basel) 13(12)

Yuan XG et al (2020) Primary central nervous system lymphoma in China: a single-center retrospective analysis of 167 cases. Ann Hematol 99(1):93–104

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Citterio G et al (2017) Primary central nervous system lymphoma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 113:97–110

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schlegel U (2009) Primary CNS lymphoma. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2(2):93–104

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rae AI et al (2019) Craniotomy and Survival for Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma. Neurosurgery 84(4):935–944

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schellekes N et al (2021) Resection of primary central nervous system lymphoma: impact of patient selection on overall survival. J Neurosurg 135(4):1016–1025

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu S et al (2021) The role of surgical resection in primary central nervous system lymphoma: a single-center retrospective analysis of 70 patients. BMC Neurol 21(1):190

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang Q, Wang DW, Shu HS (2022) Outcome of Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma Treated with Combined Surgical Resection and High-Dose Methotrexate Chemotherapy: A Single-Institution Retrospective Study. Turk Neurosurg 32(1):1–5

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ferreri AJM et al (2022) Long-term efficacy, safety and neurotolerability of MATRix regimen followed by autologous transplant in primary CNS lymphoma: 7‑year results of the IELSG32 randomized trial. Leukemia 36(7):1870–1878

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ferreri AJM et al (2017) Whole-brain radiotherapy or autologous stem-cell transplantation as consolidation strategies after high-dose methotrexate-based chemoimmunotherapy in patients with primary CNS lymphoma: results of the second randomisation of the International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group-32 phase 2 trial. Lancet Haematol 4(11):e510–e523

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bromberg JEC et al (2019) Rituximab in patients with primary CNS lymphoma (HOVON 105/ALLG NHL 24): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 intergroup study. Lancet Oncol 20(2):216–228

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ferreri AJM et al (2020) Improving the antitumor activity of R‑CHOP with NGR-hTNF in primary CNS lymphoma: final results of a phase 2 trial. Blood Adv 4(15):3648–3658

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ghesquieres H et al (2019) Lenalidomide in combination with intravenous rituximab (REVRI) in relapsed/refractory primary CNS lymphoma or primary intraocular lymphoma: a multicenter prospective ‘proof of concept’ phase II study of the French Oculo-Cerebral lymphoma (LOC) Network and the Lymphoma Study Association (LYSA). Ann Oncol 30(4):621–628

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Soussain C et al (2019) Ibrutinib monotherapy for relapse or refractory primary CNS lymphoma and primary vitreoretinal lymphoma: Final analysis of the phase II ‘proof-of-concept’ iLOC study by the Lymphoma study association (LYSA) and the French oculo-cerebral lymphoma (LOC) network. Eur J Cancer 117:121–130

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rawlings DJ et al (2017) Altered B cell signalling in autoimmunity. Nat Rev Immunol 17(7):421–436

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Korfel A et al (2015) Randomized phase III study of whole-brain radiotherapy for primary CNS lymphoma. Neurology 84(12):1242–1248

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kasenda B et al (2015) First-line treatment and outcome of elderly patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL)—a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. Ann Oncol 26(7):1305–1313

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Houillier C et al (2022) Radiotherapy or Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation for Primary CNS Lymphoma in Patients Age 60 Years and Younger: Long-Term Results of the Randomized Phase II PRECIS Study. J Clin Oncol 40(32):3692–3698

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen T et al (2022) Evidence-based expert consensus on the management of primary central nervous system lymphoma in China. J Hematol Oncol 15(1):136

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Illerhaus G et al (2016) High-dose chemotherapy with autologous haemopoietic stem cell transplantation for newly diagnosed primary CNS lymphoma: a prospective, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Haematol 3(8):e388–97