Siegel, R. L., Miller, K. D., Wagle, N. S. & Jemal, A. Cancer statistics, 2023. CA Cancer J. Clin. 73, 17–48 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

SEER*Explorer: An interactive website for SEER cancer statistics [Internet]. Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute; 2023 Apr 19. [updated: 2023 Nov 16; cited 2024 Jan 19]. Available from: https://seer.cancer.gov/statistics-network/explorer/. Data source(s): SEER Incidence Data, November 2022 Submission (1975-2020), SEER 22 registries (excluding Illinois and Massachusetts). Expected Survival Life Tables by Socio-Economic Standards.

Antonarakis, E. S. et al. AR-V7 and resistance to enzalutamide and abiraterone in prostate cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 371, 1028–1038 (2014).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abida, W. et al. Genomic correlates of clinical outcome in advanced prostate cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 116, 11428–11436 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Quigley, D. A. et al. Genomic Hallmarks and structural variation in metastatic prostate cancer. Cell 174, 758–769.e759 (2018).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nizialek, E. & Antonarakis, E. S. PARP inhibitors in metastatic prostate cancer: evidence to date. Cancer Manag. Res. 12, 8105–8114 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

de Bono, J. et al. Olaparib for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 382, 2091–2102 (2020).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mateo, J. et al. A decade of clinical development of PARP inhibitors in perspective. Ann. Oncol. 30, 1437–1447 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Toren, P. & Zoubeidi, A. Targeting the PI3K/Akt pathway in prostate cancer: challenges and opportunities (review). Int J. Oncol. 45, 1793–1801 (2014).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sartor, O. et al. Lutetium-177-PSMA-617 for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 385, 1091–1103 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Antonarakis, E. S. et al. Pembrolizumab for treatment-refractory metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: multicohort, open-label Phase II KEYNOTE-199 study. J. Clin. Oncol. 38, 395–405 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chan, T. A. et al. Development of tumor mutation burden as an immunotherapy biomarker: utility for the oncology clinic. Ann. Oncol. 30, 44–56 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Haffner, M. C. et al. Comprehensive evaluation of programmed Death-Ligand 1 expression in primary and metastatic prostate cancer. Am. J. Pathol. 188, 1478–1485 (2018).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abida, W. et al. Analysis of the prevalence of microsatellite instability in prostate cancer and response to immune checkpoint blockade. JAMA Oncol. 5, 471–478 (2019).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cha, H. R., Lee, J. H. & Ponnazhagan, S. Revisiting immunotherapy: a focus on prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 80, 1615–1623 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sena, L. A., Denmeade, S. R. & Antonarakis, E. S. Targeting the spectrum of immune checkpoints in prostate cancer. Expert Rev. Clin. Pharm. 14, 1253–1266 (2021).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Obradovic, A. Z. et al. T-Cell infiltration and adaptive treg resistance in response to androgen deprivation with or without vaccination in localized prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 26, 3182–3192 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tumeh, P. C. et al. PD-1 blockade induces responses by inhibiting adaptive immune resistance. Nature 515, 568–571 (2014).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McLaren, W. et al. The ensembl variant effect predictor. Genome Biol. 17, 122 (2016).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Manders, F. et al. MutationalPatterns: the one stop shop for the analysis of mutational processes. BMC Genom. 23, 134 (2022).

Article  Google Scholar 

Subramanian, A. et al. Gene set enrichment analysis: a knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102, 15545–15550 (2005).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liberzon, A. et al. The Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB) hallmark gene set collection. Cell Syst. 1, 417–425 (2015).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cancer of Any Site - Cancer Stat Facts. in Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program Populations (1969-2019), 2021 (National Cancer Institute, 2021).

Murillo-Garzon, V. & Kypta, R. WNT signalling in prostate cancer. Nat. Rev. Urol. 14, 683–696 (2017).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guan, X. et al. Androgen receptor activity in T cells limits checkpoint blockade efficacy. Nature 606, 791–796 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kissick, H. T. et al. Androgens alter T-cell immunity by inhibiting T-helper 1 differentiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111, 9887–9892 (2014).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sadagopan, A., Michelakos, T., Boyiadzis, G., Ferrone, C. & Ferrone, S. Human leukocyte antigen Class I Antigen-processing machinery upregulation by anticancer therapies in the era of checkpoint inhibitors: a review. JAMA Oncol. 8, 462–473 (2022).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rodems, T. S. et al. Reversible epigenetic alterations regulate class I HLA loss in prostate cancer. Commun. Biol. 5, 897 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pomerantz, M. M. et al. The androgen receptor cistrome is extensively reprogrammed in human prostate tumorigenesis. Nat. Genet. 47, 1346–1351 (2015).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pomerantz, M. M. et al. Prostate cancer reactivates developmental epigenomic programs during metastatic progression. Nat. Genet. 52, 790–799 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen, S. et al. Single-cell analysis reveals transcriptomic remodellings in distinct cell types that contribute to human prostate cancer progression. Nat. Cell Biol. 23, 87–98 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sun, Z., Pan, J. & Balk, S. P. Androgen receptor-associated protein complex binds upstream of the androgen-responsive elements in the promoters of human prostate-specific antigen and kallikrein 2 genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 25, 3318–3325 (1997).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Newman, A. M. et al. Determining cell type abundance and expression from bulk tissues with digital cytometry. Nat. Biotechnol. 37, 773–782 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Newman, A. M. et al. Robust enumeration of cell subsets from tissue expression profiles. Nat. Methods 12, 453–457 (2015).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jardim, D. L., Goodman, A., de Melo Gagliato, D. & Kurzrock, R. The challenges of tumor mutational burden as an immunotherapy biomarker. Cancer Cell 39, 154–173 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Graf, R. P. et al. Comparative effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors vs chemotherapy by tumor mutational burden in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. JAMA Netw. Open 5, e225394 (2022).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Blades, R. A., Keating, P. J., McWilliam, L. J., George, N. J. & Stern, P. L. Loss of HLA class I expression in prostate cancer: implications for immunotherapy. Urology 46, 681–686 (1995).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nesic, M. et al. The mutational profile of immune surveillance genes in diagnostic and refractory/relapsed DLBCLs. BMC Cancer 21, 829 (2021).

Article