Background: Type II diabetes is a chronic hyperglycemic disorder. Vitamin D appears to be associated with chronic disease prevention and modulation of immunity. This study was designed to associate vitamin D levels with glycemic control among type 2 diabetes mellitus in Khartoum state.

Methods: This was a prospective case-control study conducted between June and November 2021 in Khartoum, Sudan. In total, 80 individuals were included in the study, of which 40 had type 2 diabetes mellitus, while the other 40 were normal, apparently healthy individuals. Vitamin D was measured by ELISA.

Results: SPSS was used for statistical analysis. Results showed that 20% of the case group (patients with diabetes mellitus) had suboptimal vitamin D levels, whereas 80% had vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D levels were significantly decreased among the case group when compared to the control group (P-value = 0.00). The glycated hemoglobin was negatively correlated with vitamin D level (P-value = 0.017, R = –0.376).

Conclusion: In this study, a significant decrease in vitamin D was seen among people with type 2 DM. There was a weak negative correlation between hemoglobin A1C and vitamin D levels, and no significant difference in Vitamin D levels among gender and different types of treatment.

[2] Zoppini, G., Galletti, A., Targher, G., Brangani, C., Pichiri, I., Negri, C., Stoico, V., Cacciatori, V., & Bonora, E. (2013). Glycated haemoglobin is inversely related to serum vitamin D levels in type 2 diabetic patients. PLoS One, 8(12), e82733. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082733

[3] Papaioannou, I., Pantazidou, G., Kokkalis, Z., Georgopoulos, N., & Jelastopulu, E. (2021). Vitamin D deficiency in elderly with diabetes mellitus type 2: A review. Cureus, 13(1), e12506. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.12506

[4] Zakhary, C. M., Rushdi, H., Hamdan, J. A., Youssef, K. N., Khan, A., Abdalla, M. A., & Khan, S. (2021, August 20). Protective role of vitamin D therapy in diabetes mellitus type II. Cureus, 13(8), e17317. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.17317

[5] American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. (2022). Diabetes technology: Standards of medical care in diabetes—2022. Diabetes Care, 45(Suppl 1), S97–S112. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-S007

[6] Chai, X., Jin, Y., Wei, Y., & Yang, R. (2022). The effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic status and C-reactive protein levels in type 2 diabetic patients with ischemic heart disease: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine, 101 (49), e32245.

[7] Higgins, T. (2013). HbA1c for screening and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Endocrine, 43(2), 266–273. [8] Mari, A., GALL, A Schemes, Joergensen G and et al. (2010, October). Vitamin D level and mortality in type II diabetes. Diabetes Care, 33(10).

[9] Joergensen, C., Gall, M. A., Schmedes, A., Tarnow, L., Parving, H. H., & Rossing, P. (2010). Vitamin D levels and mortality in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 33(10), 2238–2243. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-0582

[10] Anyanwu, A. C., Fasanmade, O. A., Odeniyi, I. A., Iwuala, S., Coker, H. B., & Ohwovoriole, A. E. (2016). Effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes subjects in Lagos, Nigeria. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 20(2), 189–194. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.176345

[11] Adami, S., Viapiana, O., Gatti, D., Idolazzi, L., & Rossini, M. (2008, February). Relationship between serum parathyroid hormone, vitamin D sufficiency, age, and calcium intake. Bone, 42(2), 267–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2007.10.003

[12] Buhary, B. M., Almohareb, O., Aljohani, N., Alrajhi, S., Elkaissi, S., Sherbeeni, S., Almaghamsi, A., Khan, S. A., & Almalki, M. H. (2017). Association of glycosylated hemoglobin levels with vitamin D status. Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, 9(12), 1013–1018. https://doi.org/10.14740/jocmr3227w