aDepartment of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

bDepartment of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland

cSanger Heart & Vascular Institute, Advocate Health, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA

Correspondence to Michael C. Grant, MD, MSE Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1800 Orleans Street, Zayed 6208, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. Tel: +1 410 955 7519; fax: +1 410 955 0994; e-mail: [email protected]