Lu Q, et al. Guideline for the diagnosis, treatment and long-term management of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J Autoimmun. 2021;123: 102707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102707.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Filotico R, Mastrandrea V. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: clinico-pathologic correlation. Ital J Dermatol Venereol. 2018;153(2):Art. No. 2. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0392-0488.18.05929-1.

Article  Google Scholar 

Chang AY, Werth VP. Treatment of cutaneous lupus. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2011;13(4):300–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-011-0180-z.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Okon LG, Werth VP. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: Diagnosis and treatment. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2013;27(3):391–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.berh.2013.07.008.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Renner R, Sticherling M. The different faces of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. G Ital Dermatol E Venereol Organo Uff Soc Ital Dermatol E Sifilogr. 2009;144(2):135–47.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Cohen MR, Crosby D. Systemic disease in subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a controlled comparison with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 1994;21(9):1665–9.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sassi RH, et al. Age of onset influences on clinical and laboratory profile of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol. 2017;36(1):89–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-016-3478-4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jarukitsopa S, et al. Epidemiology of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus in a Predominantly White Population in the United States: Incidence and Prevalence of SLE and CLE in a US Population. Arthritis Care Res. 2015;67(6):817–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.22502.

Article  Google Scholar 

Pons-Estel GJ, Ugarte-Gil MF, Alarcón GS. Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2017;13(8):799–814. https://doi.org/10.1080/1744666X.2017.1327352.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chakravarty EF, Bush TM, Manzi S, Clarke AE, Ward MM. Prevalence of adult systemic lupus erythematosus in California and Pennsylvania in 2000: estimates obtained using hospitalization data. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(6):2092–4. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.22641.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lahita RG. The role of sex hormones in systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 1999;11(5):352–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002281-199909000-00005.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Simard JF, Costenbader KH. What can epidemiology tell us about systemic lupus erythematosus? Int J Clin Pract. 2007;61(7):1170–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-1241.2007.01434.x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cozier YC, Barbhaiya M, Castro-Webb N, Costenbader KH, Rosenberg L. A prospective study of reproductive factors in relation to risk of systemic lupus erythematosus among black women. Lupus. 2021;30(2):204–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961203320973074.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Avilés Izquierdo JA, Cano Martínez N, Lázaro Ochaita P. Epidemiological characteristics of patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2014;105(1):69–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ad.2013.09.005.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jarrett P, Werth VP. A review of cutaneous lupus erythematosus: improving outcomes with a multidisciplinary approach. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2019;12:419–28. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S179623.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Grönhagen CM, Fored CM, Linder M, Granath F, Nyberg F. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and its association with drugs: a population-based matched case-control study of 234 patients in Sweden. Br J Dermatol. 2012;167(2):296–305. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10969.x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chanprapaph K, Tubtieng I, Pratumchat N, Thadanipon K, Rattanakaemakorn P, Suchonwanit P. Cutaneous, systemic features and laboratory characteristics of late- versus adult-onset systemic lupus erythematosus in 1006 Thai patients. Lupus. 2021;30(5):785–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961203321991920.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tomic-Lucic A, et al. Late-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical features, course, and prognosis. Clin Rheumatol. 2013;32(7):1053–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-013-2238-y.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Anderson SR, Hynan LS, Chong BF. Late-onset cutaneous lupus erythematosus patients have distinctive clinical features and demographics versus early-onset patients. Lupus. 2022;31(12):1523–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/09612033221122254.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cooper EE, Pisano CE, Shapiro SC. Cutaneous manifestations of ‘Lupus’: systemic lupus erythematosus and beyond. Int J Rheumatol. 2021;2021:6610509. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6610509.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Litt JZ. Rosacea: how to recognize and treat an age-related skin disease. Geriatrics. 1997;52(11):39–40 (42, 45–47).

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wollina U. Rosacea and rhinophyma in the elderly. Clin Dermatol. 2011;29(1):61–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.07.009.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Van Onselen J. Rosacea: symptoms and support. Br J Nurs Mark Allen Publ. 2012;21(21):1252–5. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2012.21.21.1252.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sowell J, Pena SM, Elewski BE. Seborrheic dermatitis in older adults: pathogenesis and treatment options. Drugs Aging. 2022;39(5):315–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-022-00930-5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sanders MGH, Pardo LM, Franco OH, Ginger RS, Nijsten T. Prevalence and determinants of seborrhoeic dermatitis in a middle-aged and elderly population: the Rotterdam Study. Br J Dermatol. 2018;178(1):148–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.15908.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rothfield N, Sontheimer RD, Bernstein M. Lupus erythematosus: systemic and cutaneous manifestations. Clin Dermatol. 2006;24(5):348–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2006.07.014.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Magro CM, Crowson AN. The immunofluorescent profile of dermatomyositis: a comparative study with lupus erythematosus. J Cutan Pathol. 1997;24(9):543–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0560.1997.tb01458.x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dressler F, Maurer B. Dermatomyositis and juvenile dermatomyositis. Z Rheumatol. 2023;82(3):233–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00393-022-01205-5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Walling HW, Sontheimer RD. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: issues in diagnosis and treatment. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2009;10(6):365–81. https://doi.org/10.2165/11310780-000000000-00000.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chi AC, Neville BW, Krayer JW, Gonsalves WC. Oral manifestations of systemic disease. Am Fam Physician. 2010;82(11):1381–8.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fabbri P, Cardinali C, Giomi B, Caproni M. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: diagnosis and management. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2003;4(7):449–65. https://doi.org/10.2165/00128071-200304070-00002.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Furukawa F, Muto M. Ethnic differences in immunogenetic features and photosensitivity of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Arch Dermatol Res. 2009;301(1):111–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-008-0897-3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jore S, Gran JT. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Tidsskr Den Nor Laegeforening Tidsskr Prakt Med Ny Raekke. 1997;117(14):2040–2.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Laurinaviciene R, Sandholdt LH, Bygum A. Drug-induced cutaneous lupus erythematosus: 88 new cases. Eur J Dermatol. 2017;27(1):28–33. https://doi.org/10.1684/ejd.2016.2912.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Werth VP. Clinical manifestations of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev. 2005;4(5):296–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2005.01.003.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stull C, Sprow G, Werth VP. Cutaneous involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus: a review for the rheumatologist. J Rheumatol. 2023;50(1):27–35. https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.220089.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yell JA, Mbuagbaw J, Burge SM. Cutaneous manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol. 1996;135(3):355–62.

Article  CAS  PubMed