Ademy, J. (2021, November 13). Churches changed during the pandemic and many aren’t going back. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/church-pandemic-covid-online-11636728162

Ai, A. R., Lemieux, C., Richardson, R., Tice, T. N., Plummer, C., Huang, B., & Ellison, C. G. (2013). Character strengths and deep connections following hurricanes Katrina and Rita: Spiritual and secular pathways to resistance among volunteers. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 52(3), 537–556.

Article  Google Scholar 

Aleshire, D. O. (2018). The emerging model of formational theological education. Theological Education, 51(2), 25–37. https://www.ats.edu/uploads/resources/publications-presentations/theological-education/2018-theological-education-v51-n2.pdf

Bailey, S. P. (2021, March 29). Church membership in the U.S. has fallen below the majority for the first time in nearly a century. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2021/03/29/church-membership-fallen-below-majority/

Bradshaw, M., Ellison, G., & Marcum, J. P. (2010). Attachment to God, images of God, and psychological distress in a nationwide sample of Presbyterians. International Journal of Psychology and Religion, 20(2), 130–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508611003608049

Article  Google Scholar 

Brown, S. (1980). Political subjectivity: Applications of Q methodology in political science. Yale University Press.

Brown, S. (1993). A primer on Q methodology. Operant Subjectivity, 16, 91–138. https://qmethod.org/2016/01/09/brown-1993-a-primer-on-q-methodology/

Bultmann, R. (1955). Essays philosophical and theological. SCM Press.

Chatters, L. M., & Taylor, R. J. (1989). Age differences in religious participation among black adults. Journal of Gerontology Series B: Social Sciences, 44B(5), S183-189.

Article  Google Scholar 

Desrosiers, A., & Miller, L. (2007). Relational spirituality and depression in adolescent girls. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63(10), 1021–1037.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Edinger, E. F. (1972). Ego and archetype and the religious function of the psyche. Shambhala Publications.

Everson, K. (2022). Returning from atheism during the college years. Pastoral Psychology, 71, 275–289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-021-00990-1

Article  Google Scholar 

Everson, K. K. C. (2018). Becoming religious disbelievers: Retrospective viewpoints. Pastoral Psychology, 68(2), 157–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-018-0849-6

Article  Google Scholar 

Exline, J. J., Park, C. L., Smyth, J. M., & Carey, M. P. (2011). Anger toward God: Social-cognitive predictors, prevalence, and links with adjustment to bereavement and cancer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(1), 129–148. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021716

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fisler, J. (2009). Keeping (or losing) the faith: Reflections on spiritual struggles and their resolution by college seniors. College Student Affairs Journal, 27(2), 257–274. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ882667

Fowler, J. W. (1986). Faith and the structuring of meaning. In C. Dykstra & S. Parks (Eds.), Faith Development and Fowler (pp. 19–27). Religious Education Press.

Google Scholar 

Fujiwara, S. (2013). Reconsidering the concept of theodicy in the context of the post-2011 Japanese earthquake and tsunami. Religion, 43(4), 499–518.

Article  Google Scholar 

Gianisa, A. L. (2018). The role of religious beliefs and practices in disaster: The case study of 2009 earthquake in Padang city. Indonesia. Disaster Prevention and Management, 27(1), 74–86.

Article  Google Scholar 

Goodman, B. (2020, May 11). Faith in a time of crisis. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/topics/covid-19/faith-crisis

Granqvist, P., & Kirkpatrick, L. A. (2016). Attachment and religious representations and behavior. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 917–940). Guilford Press.

Google Scholar 

Hart, R. (2021, March 29). Poll: American church membership drops below 50% for first time. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/roberthart/2021/03/29/poll-american-church-membership-drops-below-50-for-first-time/?sh=3329c0832d18

Holcomb, G. L., & Nonneman, A. J. (2004). Faithful change: Exploring and assessing faith development in Christian liberal arts undergraduates. New Directions for Institutional Research, 12, 93–103. https://doi.org/10.1002/ir.112

Article  Google Scholar 

Idoko, B. O. (2021). Philosophy proposing pastoral availability as panacea to the problem of the crisis of faith in Nigeria. Trinitarian: International Journal of Arts and Humanities, 1(1). https://ezenwaohaetorc.org/journals/index.php/TIJAH/article/view/1694

Ivtzan, I., Chan, C. P. L., Gardner, H. E., & Prashar, K. (2013). Linking religion and spirituality with psychological well-being: Examining self-actualization, meaning in life, and personal growth initiative. Journal of Religion and Health, 52(3), 915–929.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jones, J. M. (2021, March 29). U.S. church membership falls below majority for first time. Gallup. https://news.gallup.com/poll/341963/church-membership-falls-below-majority-first-time.as

Kirkpatrick, L. A. (2005). Attachment, evolution, and the psychology of religion. Guilford Press.

Google Scholar 

Leonard, S. (2015). Shaken faith: What you don’t know (and need to know) about faith crises and how they affect spiritual growth. Wipf and Stock.

Love, P. G. (2002). Spirituality and student development: Theoretical connections. In M. A. Jablonski (Ed.), The implications of student spirituality for student affairs practice, New Directions for Student Services (pp. 7–16). Jossey-Bass.

McLaughlin, A. T., Van Tongeren, D. R., Teahan, K., Davis, D. E., Rice, K. G., & DeWall, C. N. (2022). Who are the religious “dones?” A cross-cultural latent profile analysis of formerly religious individuals. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 14(4), 512–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000376

Article  Google Scholar 

Mowrer, O. H. (1961). The crisis of psychiatry and religion. Van Nostrand.

Google Scholar 

Nynäs, P., Kontala, J., & Lassander, M. (2020). The faith Q-Sort: In-depth assessment of diverse spirituality and religiosity in 12 countries. In A. L. Ai, P. Wink, R. F. Paloutzian, & K. A. Harris (Eds.), Assessing Spirituality in a Diverse World (pp. 553–573). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52140-0_22

Omu, O., & Reynolds, F. (2014). Religious faith and self-efficacy among stroke patients in Kuwait: Health professionals’ views. Disability and Rehabilitation, 36(18), 1529–1535.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pew Research Center. (2021, March 22). Life in U.S. religious congregations slowly edges back toward normal. Pew Research. https://www.pewforum.org/2021/03/22/life-in-u-s-religious-congregations-slowly-edges-back-toward-normal/

Pew Research Center. (2019, October 17). In U.S., decline of Christianity continues at a rapid pace. Pew Research. https://www.pewforum.org/2019/10/17/in-u-s-decline-ofnext-christianity-continues-at-rapid-pace/

Richardson, R. (2021, June 10). How Black pastors under 40 are trying to get their peers back into the pews. ABC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/how-black-pastors-under-40-are-trying-get-their-peers-n1270276

Russo-Netzer, P. (2018). “This is what spirituality is all about”: A phenomenological exploration of the experience of spirituality outside institutional religion. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 11(4), 453–462. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000169

Article  Google Scholar 

Smith, C. D. (1990). Religion and crisis in Jungian analysis. Counseling and Values, 34, 177–186.

Article  Google Scholar 

Stephenson, W. (1953). The study of behavior: Q-technique and its methodology. University of Chicago Press.

Thornton, J. C. (2012). Preaching through a faith crisis. Liturgy, 27(1), 19–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/0458063X.2011.615269

Article  Google Scholar 

Ton, V. (1993). Crisis of faith & reconciliation. The Wright Institute.

Van Tongeren, D. R., DeWall, C. N., Chen, Z., Sibley, C. G., & Bulbulia, J. (2020). Religious residue: Cross-cultural evidence that religious psychology and behavior persist following deidentification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000288

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Victor, C. G. P., & Treschuk, J. V. (2019). Critical literature review on the definition clarity of the concept of faith, religion, and spirituality. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 38(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/0898010119895368

Walsh, J., & Kirvan, J. J. (1965). Faith and the college student. Guide, 9.

Webb, C. D. (2019). Exploring the experience of a crisis of faith: A qualitative study (Publication No. 354463) [Master’s thesis, East Carolina University]. ProQuest Publishing.

Wulff, D. M. (2019). Prototypes of faith: Findings with the faith Q-Sort. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 58(3), 643–665. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12615

Article  Google Scholar