Colon cancer is a common malignant tumor; in recent years, many evidence-based medical treatment methods from multiple disciplines have significantly improved the survival rate and quality of life of colon cancer patients; and the medical and surgical treatment of colon cancer has become increasingly standardized (1). However, due to individual differences and other reasons, some patients often have complications such as perforation, bleeding, obstruction and abscess formation, which leads to these patients not being able to immediately undergo standardized treatment in accordance with the guidelines (2). Therefore, how to deal with these complications in a timely and effective manner and get the patient’s tumor treatment to return to the standardized treatment has an important impact on the prognosis of patients. In this article, we present an analysis of a very rare complication of colon cancer, retroperitoneal abscess.

The colon is an interperitoneal organ, and the ascending and descending colons are located behind the peritoneum (3). Tumors in these two places will cause retroperitoneal abscesses due to tumor invasion and perforation. We found that retroperitoneal abscess due to colon cancer has only been reported via case reports and is a rare condition with an incidence of 0.3%, according to some literature reports (4). Through these reports, it is clear that due to the lack of treatment experience available for reference, there are enormous differences in the treatment methods and treatment outcomes of such patients, and many of these cases are misdiagnosed. Therefore, there are many challenges for clinicians regarding how to deal with such patients accurately, effectively and in a timely manner. Based on this, we retrospectively compared and analyzed the basic characteristics, clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, imaging examinations, treatment methods and prognosis of 4 patients in our hospital and 57 patients reported in the literature. Through these comparative analyses, this paper attempts to provide an optimal reference for the diagnosis and treatment of retroperitoneal abscess associated with colon cancer.

A total of 1013 patients with colon cancer were extracted from the CT and MRI information system of our hospital, and 4 cases were confirmed to be colon cancer associated with a retroperitoneal abscess, with an incidence rate of 0.39%. The detailed characteristics of the 4 patients are listed in Table 1. We extracted 51 case reports of retroperitoneal abscesses caused by colon cancer from the literature, involving 57 patients, whose detailed features are listed in Table 2. Of these patients, age was provided in 60 patients, the age range of these patients was 27~86 years old, the average age was 65 years, and the cohort included 27 women (45%) and 33 men (55%). The most reported country was Japan with 15 cases (24.6%), followed by China with 13 cases (21.3%), the United States with 11 cases (18.0%), the United Kingdom with 6 cases (9.8%), India with 4 cases (6.6%), Italy with 3 cases (4.9%), Greece and South Korea with 2 cases each (3.3%), and Croatia, North Macedonia, Spain, Tunis and Brazil with 1 case each. There were 39 cases (63.9%) in which the tumor was located in the right colon, including 20 cases (32.8%) in the ileocecal region, 14 cases in the ascending colon (23.0%), 5 cases in the appendix (8.2%), and 22 cases (36.1%) in the left colon, including 9 cases (14.8%) in the sigmoid colon and 13 cases (21.3%) in the descending colon. Of the 4 patients from our department, two had a history of previous hypertension and diabetes, 1 had a family history, and most of the 57 case reports did not provide a history or family history. In fifty-one patients, the information regarding the histologic type of tumor was provided, 50 of these patients had adenocarcinoma (98.0%) and one had a neuroendocrine tumor (2%).

Table 1 Patient characteristics of our department.

Table 2 Patient characteristics from case report.

As shown in Table 3, two of the four patients from our department experienced physical discomfort but did not seek medical attention. The patient of case 1 had a change in stool habits for half a year, and the patient of case 4 had sour pain and discomfort in the left lower abdominal groin region for 11 days. Two patients received medical attention due to abdominal pain, one patient received medical attention due to abdominal pain and an abdominal mass, and one patient received medical attention due to an abdominal fluctuating mass. During the first medical visit, three of them (75%) had a misdiagnosis, and the patient in Case 3 was repeatedly hospitalized four times due to the misdiagnosis. During the physical examinations, all four patients were shown to have abdominal masses and local tenderness. Stable 1 shows the clinical characteristics of such patients in the literature. Thirty patients described early insidious symptoms, but did not seek medical attention. The most common symptoms were fever (9/30, 30%) and weight loss (8/30, 23.3%), followed by pain or stool habit changes in 6 (20%) patients, anemia in 4 (13.3%) patients, and fatigue in 3 (10%) patients, and the duration of the hidden symptoms ranged from 5 days to 3 years. Fifty-five patients were described their clinical symptoms at their first visit to the hospital. Pain was the most obvious symptom (39/55, 71%), and the pain sites were as follows: thigh (12/55, 21.8%), abdomen (12/55, 21.8%), waist and back (8/55, 14.5%), groin (7/55, 12.7%), buttock (6/55, 10.9%), flank (5/55, 9%) and calf (3/55, 5.5%). Other symptoms included swelling (13/55, 23.6%), weakness and lower limb activity disorders (10/55, 18.2%), fever (9/55, 16.3%), digestive symptoms (8/55, 14.5%), erythema (6/55, 10.9%), 4 masses (4/55, 7.2%), and fistula nonunion (2/55, 3.6%). Of the 57 patients, 25 (43.9%) had a misdiagnosis at their first visit, with a frequency of 1-3 misdiagnosises. Twenty-two (38.6%) patients had a clear or highly suspected diagnosis of colon cancer, and in 10 (17.5%), it could not be inferred from the literature whether there was a misdiagnosis. Necrotizing fasciitis、local abscess and infection were the most obvious misdiagnoses.

Table 3 The patient’s clinical presentation before and during the doctor’s visit of our department.

Stable 2 summarizes the laboratory examination results of the four patients from our department. Among the four patients, the patients of case 1 and case 4 had elevated white blood cells, and all four patients presented with symptoms of procalcitonin elevation and anemia with decreased red blood cells and hemoglobin. Three of the patients had elevated tumor markers and in two patients, Escherichia coli was cultured. Stable 3 summarized the results in the literature, in which elevated leukocytes were reported in 87.5% of the patients, anemia was reported in 87.5% (14/16), C-reactive protein (CRP) and ESR were elevated in 95.4% (21/22) and 63.6% of patients, respectively, and tumor markers CEA and CA199 were elevated in 53.8% and 57.1% of patients, respectively. The results of bacterial culture were reported in 19 patients, with 47.36% (9/19) reporting Escherichia, 26.3% (5/19) of Streptococcus, and 15.8% (3/19) reporting Proteus vulgaris.

Figures 1, 2 show the abscesses of our four patients and all patients were confirmed to have retroperitoneal abscess through CT. The abscess of the patients in case 1 extended up to the posterior pararenal space and down to the psoas over the suprapubic border. The left side was the lateral aspect of the lumbar cone at the origin of the psoas major muscle, the right side was the lateral peritoneum, and the anterior side was the ascending colon tumor (Figure 1A). The initial local hospital imaging findings of the patients of case 2 were essentially the same as those in case 1, and CT scans obtained after drainage in our hospital showed that the abscess was predominantly an iliopsoas abscess (Figure 1B). Case 3 was an ileocecal tumor that invaded the anterior peritoneum and abdominal wall, and the abscess mainly traveled along the iliac muscle and psoas muscle to the superior border of the femoral triangle (Figure 2A). The abscess of the patient in case 4 was the largest, traveling along the iliopsoas muscle to the adductor muscle group space (Figure 2B), and the abscess in all four patients contained the iliopsoas muscle (100%). After analyzing the 57 patients in the case reports, almost all patients had CT examination, X-ray, MRI, ultrasound and intestinal contrast examinations as the other major tests. Stable 4 lists the CT findings of all patients, In forty-seven patients, the condition of the iliopsoas muscle was mentioned, 87.2% (41/47) of these patients had iliopsoas abscesses; and only 12.8% (6/47) of retroperitoneal abscesses did not have iliopsoas infections. These abscesses often contained gas; 35.1% (20/57) of patients had mild or severe skin injuries to the lower back, buttocks, and legs. In the CT report results, the intestinal condition was mentioned in 43 of the patients; there was no simultaneous detection of tumors during the process of finding an abscess on CT in 37.2% (16/43) of patients; and suspicious masses were found at the same time in 62.8% (27/43) of patients. Among them, 51 had partial or specific descriptions of abscesses, and 33.9% (18/53) mainly had local abscesses of the iliopsoas muscle. Among them, 26.4% (14/51) of patients had abscesses that mainly penetrated the weak points of the lower back and drained into the subcutaneous tissues of the waist and upper buttocks, and 92.9% (13/14) of these patients had tumors in the ileocecal region and ascending colon region. In 22.6% (12/53) of patients, the abscess of the iliopsoas muscle flowed through the inguinal ligament to the adductor group of the thigh or the subcutaneous tissue of the thigh, 33.3% (4/12) of these patient tumors were located in the descending colon and sigmoid colon, and 66.7% (8/12) were located in the ascending colon and ileocecal tumors. One (1.9%) had an abscess that drained to both the adductor muscle group and the retroperitoneal pelvis, and 2 (3.7%) had abscesses penetrating the peritoneum into the abdominal cavity, Figure 3 shows the proportion of drainage in each direction for the retroperitoneal abscesses caused by the right and left colon cancer. Abscesses caused by left colon cancer appear to be more likely to form local abscesses, while abscesses caused by right colon cancer tend to drain to the subcutaneous tissue of the waist and buttocks. Based on our cases, the highest location of the abscess is at the originate point of the iliopsoas muscle and the lowest is from the adductor group to the knee.

Figure 1 Abdominal and pelvic CT scan results of patients with retroperitoneal abscess in our department. (A) CT findings of Case 1 in transverse, coronal and sagittal planes. The results showed a huge right retroperitoneal and iliopsoas abscess with thickening of the descending colon wall. The yellow dashed circle shows the extent of the abscess. (B) CT findings of Case 2 in transverse, coronal and sagittal planes. The results showed a right retroperitoneal iliopsoas abscess and thickening of the descending colon wall. The yellow dashed circle shows the extent of the abscess, and the red arrow shows the drainage tube for percutaneous drainage.

Figure 2 Abdominal and pelvic CT scan results of patients with retroperitoneal abscess in our department. (A) CT findings of Case 3 in transverse, coronal and sagittal planes. The results showed a left retroperitoneal abscess involving part of the abdominal wall and the iliacus muscle. The yellow dashed circle shows the extent of the abscess. (B) CT findings of Case 4 in transverse, coronal and sagittal planes. The results showed a right retroperitoneal abscess involving the iliopsoas muscle and the adductor muscle group. The yellow dashed circle shows the extent of the abscess.

Figure 3 Proportion of the direction of abscess involvement in all cases in this article, the left side shows the direction of retroperitoneal abscess involvement caused by tumors in the ileocecum, appendix, and ascending colon, including the anterior pararenal space and perirenal space, local iliopsoas muscle, peritoneal penetration into the abdominal cavity, adductor muscle group, and subcutaneous tissue of the buttock and thigh after abscess passes through the weakness of the posterior abdominal wall. The right side shows the direction of retroperitoneal abscess involvement from descending colon cancer, including the region of the iliopsoas muscle, the pelvic retroperitoneum, the adductor muscle group, and subcutaneous tissue of the buttock and thigh after abscess passes through the weakness of the posterior abdominal wall.

As shown in Table 4, the patient in Case1 underwent ultrasound assisted drainage and anti-inflammatory therapy. After 8 days, an exploratory laparotomy was performed. The exploration found that intestinal resection and biopsy were extremely difficult and dangerous. A transverse colostomy was performed. After admission, the patient underwent endoscopy twice and laparotomy once, but the biopsy did not confirm a diagnosis. Finally, a clear diagnosis was made through CT guided puncture biopsy and genetic testing confirmed MSI-H. The patient received 5 cycles of CapeOX chemotherapy plus 7 cycles of Karelizumab immunotherapy and 1 time of radiotherapy starting from 1 month after surgery. The efficacy of the comprehensive treatment was evaluated as PR. Finally, the patient underwent laparoscopic radical descending colectomy plus transverse colon and transverse colon anastomosis. The postoperative pathology was ypT0N0M0. Immunotherapy was continued after surgery, and there was no recurrence after 9 months of follow-up. The treatment of the patient of Case 2 was basically the same as that of the patient of case 1. Before entering our department, the patient was diagnosed with an abscess and had puncture drainage in the local hospital, but the symptoms were not relieved. After being admitted to our department, we continued to drain and to provide medications to resist infection. The time for drainage and antiinflammatory therapy was long, and the pathological result was MSS-type bowel cancer. Currently, the patient is undergoing third-stage chemotherapy and targeted treatment, and the tumor has retreated. The patients of Cases 3 and 4 were operated on directly, with a large surgical wound and a long surgical time. The patient of Case 3 underwent multidisciplinary collaborative surgery, including colon tumor resection and small intestinal end ostomy, partial iliopsoas muscle resection, and abdominal wall musculocutaneous flap transfer (Figure 4). The patient developed slight lower limb numbness after surgery. The patient of Case 4 underwent palliative partial sigmoidectomy, sigmoidostomy, and incision and drainage of the iliac fossa abscess. The drainage time and treatment interval for cases 3 and 4 were short, and the patient in case 3 refused chemotherapy after surgery. After a follow-up of 3 months, there was no tumor recurrence. The patient of Case 4 received chemotherapy after surgery, and underwent ostomy after 1 year and 6 months. There was no recurrence after 1 year and 7 months of follow-up. In the literature, due to the difficulty in diagnosis and susceptibility to a misdiagnosis of this disease, there is no consistency in the treatment of all patients. The treatment is mainly focused on the treatment of abscesses and tumors. A total of 55.6% (25/45) of patients underwent ≥ 2 invasive procedures, including surgical debridement and surgery. If the abscess is treated first, the main method is percutaneous puncture drainage, and the treatment time is > 2 weeks. The prognosis was mention for thirty-four patients, and there were 13 deaths. Analysis of the causes of death showed that six patients died during hospitalization, including four patients who underwent direct surgery. Of these four patients, two underwent intestinal anastomosis, and two were poorly treated for abscesses. Seven other patients died after discharge due to cachexia, more details can be found in Stable 5.

Table 4 Treatment characteristics of 4 patients from our department.

Figure 4 Intraoperative picture of Case 3, in which part of the iliopsoas muscle and part of the abdominal wall tissue were removed, and the deficient abdominal wall tissue was repaired by thigh flap transplantation.

Retroperitoneal abscess is a rare complication in colorectal cancer patients, and the specific incidence is unclear. Our hospital probability of occurrence is approximately 0.39%, which is consistent with the 0.3% reported in other studies (4, 7). Due to the low incidence, to date, reports of colorectal cancer associated with retroperitoneal abscess have only been reported in case report literature, and to our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive analysis of the largest dataset of colorectal cancer associated with retroperitoneal abscess. Through the analysis of 61 patients, we found that colon cancer associated with retroperitoneal abscess often occurred in elderly patients aged > 60 years, with slightly more men than women; and the occurrence of the disease did not vary regionally; and the disease was reported worldwide. Right colon cancer, particularly malignancy tumors in the ileocecal region, is the most common location for this clinical sign. However, considering that the incidence of left colon cancer is generally lower than that of right colon cancer (54), the overall incidence of left colon cancer associated with retroperitoneal abscess is not lower than that of right colon cancer. Pathologically, almost all these patients have advanced colorectal adenocarcinoma.

Clinically, patients with colon cancer are admitted to hospitals frequently with hematochezia, abdominal pain, and the changes in defecation habits (55), whereas patients with retroperitoneal abscesses often have masked and atypical symptoms, and gastrointestinal symptoms are often absent. Because retroperitoneal symptoms are not as pronounced as those of intraperitoneal perforation, in this study, we found that some patients had insidious symptoms of fever and weight loss in the early stage, and these patients often do not choose to seek medical attention because the symptoms are atypical. Most patients were admitted to hospitals with corresponding discomfort due to retroperitoneal abscess or iliopsoas abscess, most notably pain and swelling in the thighs, abdomen, and lower back. The misdiagnosis rate of this disease is high. Of the 4 patients received by our department, three patients were misdiagnosed at their initial visit at local hospital, while the misdiagnosis rate of the cases extracted from the literature was 43.9%. The reasons for the misdiagnose are manifold, with two directions being the core causes. First, due to the lack of digestive system symptoms, patients often seek medical advice due to pain, which leads to errors in the initial visit and a lack of a systematic examination. Second, there are various causes of retroperitoneal abscess or iliopsoas muscle abscess, such as tuberculosis of the spine, Crohn’s disease, appendicitis, diverticulitis, urinary tract infection, and cancer (56, 57). Diseases of the digestive system are not the core cause, and some patients often receive emergency admission (58, 59). Therefore, in these patients, the main focus is on treating their abscess and subcutaneous necrotic diseases, while ignoring the primary disease after admission. In addition, early diagnosis of retroperitoneal abscess is sometimes difficult because the retroperitoneal space is relatively invisible to the examiner. When an abscess forms within the abdominal cavity, the patient can often quickly feel infection due to the sensitivity of the peritoneum, and symptoms of peritoneal irritation, such as tenderness and muscle tension, can be exhibited. When the abscess forms only in the retroperitoneal location, the symptoms are mild and atypical. Therefore, in clinical practice, systematic thinking and the exclusion of diagnoses should be performed for patients with retroperitoneal abscess, and a discussion within an MDT is particularly important. Misdiagnosis not only delays the treatment of patients, but also affects their prognosis due to tumor progression.

The most obvious laboratory indicator in patients with colorectal cancer and retroperitoneal abscess is an increase in inflammation related indicators, including white blood cells, CRP, and procalcitonin. Anemia is another important characteristic, that may be related to tumor necrosis and bleeding, repeated inflammatory stimulation, and body consumption. In this article, we found that colorectal and retroperitoneal abscesses did not occur suddenly. Hidden symptoms such as fever and weight loss often persist for a long time, and substances such as fecal fluid are often not detected in the abscess drainage fluid. These findings suggest that retroperitoneal abscess caused by colorectal cancer may be caused by the translocation of intestinal flora to the retroperitoneum through small perforations caused by tumor necrosis and damaged intestinal barriers. The bacterial culture of pus confirmed that the bacterial population was mainly Escherichia coli from the intestine. It is worth noting that more than 50% of patients have elevated tumor markers for CEA and CA199, indicating that these patients are mostly diagnosed with mid- to late-stage tumors. When the etiology of retroperitoneal abscess is difficult to diagnose, elevated tumor markers can be an important reference indicator for the origin of colorectal cancer.

Compared to clinical symptoms and laboratory examinations, imaging methods such as CT, MRI, ultrasound, and X-ray imaging are the core examination methods for colorectal cancer associated with retroperitoneal abscess. In this paper, based on the results of the CT examinations, we found that patients with retroperitoneal abscess due to colorectal cancer often have abscesses with a large range of sizes, which can compress tissue., resulting in intestinal masses that are not easy to find, and this is also an important cause of misdiagnose in patients. Through the CT analysis of large datasets and the imaging description of the posterior peritoneum by A. Coffin et al. (3), we statistically found that the main distribution areas of retroperitoneal abscess caused by colon cancer were the pararenal posterior space and the posterior iliopsoas muscle retroperitoneal chamber, and the pararenal anterior space and the perirenal space were affected in only one patient. Retroperitoneal abscesses due to colon cancer are mainly presented iliopsoas muscles (100% of our case and 87.2% of the cases in the literature). The psoas major muscle extends from T12 to the trochanter, which may be affected by gravity, and most of the abscess flows down the psoas major muscle, resulting in a local abscess of the iliopsoas muscle, the thigh adductor group and subcutaneous tissue around the end of the psoas muscle. In addition, drainage of the abscess through the anatomical weakness of the lumbar hernia to the upper buttocks and subcutaneous tissue of the lumbar spine is another important method, and it is worth noting that right colon cancer is more likely to cause subcutaneous abscesses due to anatomical factors. There is a certain difference between peritoneal abscesses formed by colorectal cancer and other peritoneal abscesses, abscesses formed by colon cancer often take a certain amount of time to develop, while retroperitoneal abscesses caused by diverticula are often suddenly, with their retroperitoneal diffusion being wider (60).

Currently, the treatment methods for retroperitoneal abscess caused by colorectal cancer vary, and different treatment methods will lead to completely different treatment outcomes for such patients. Here, case reports and our cases are combined for illustration, and the best treatment methods for such patients are discussed. The first treatment method, simple incision and drainage plus anti-inflammatory treatment, can improve the symptoms of the abscess in a short time, but because the primary disease is not treated, the patient may experience repeated symptoms, enterocutaneous fistula formation, skin damage, multiple hospitalizations, and surgery. However, drainage can create opportunities for subsequent surgery. Through drainage, many abscess symptoms disappeared. At this time, a clear diagnosis can be made and surgical treatment can be performed. The second way is for the tumor to invade the posterior peritoneum, with or without microabscesses. If only medical treatment of the tumor is carried out first, it can lead to abscess formation, abscess spread, increased infection, limited limb activity, and necrotizing fasciitis. The third method is direct colon resection and intraopertive (41) debridement and drainage. However, due to the presence of an abscess, incision of the posterior peritoneum may cause the abscess to spread to the abdominal cavity, tumor resection may not be complete, and the patient may not be able to tolerate surgery. In our cases, two patients underwent direct surgical treatment. Although one patient survived after 2 years of follow-up, the surgical wound was large, and the surgery was difficult, and may required multidisciplinary cooperation. The fourth method involves comprehensive treatment such as anti-inflammatory and abscess drainage, proximal enterostomy, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, plus radical surgery and ostomy, as well as postoperative comprehensive treatment. This method takes a long time, but it can achieve radical resection. Several scholars have reported this scheme with obvious results (37, 41, 48). In our case series, this method was adopted for tow patients, and the current treatment effect is good. Although the drainage time of patients undergoing direct surgery is significantly shortened, and some patients can achieve long-term survival, according to literature reports, direct extended surgery is also an important cause of death. The specific reason may be that patients cannot tolerate large-scale surgery, and intestinal anastomosis is not encouraged during surgery, which may lead not only to anastomotic leakage, but also to patient death. It is worth noting that if comprehensive treatment is performed, it is necessary to obtain specimens for pathological examination and genetic testing before surgery. In the case of abscess, it is sometimes difficult to obtain tumor tissue through colonoscopy, and colonoscopy is performed from the stoma end after stoma. CT and ultrasound guided localization can be used as better alternatives. The author does not recommend performing laparotomy and endoscopic biopsy, which not only easily leads to pus contamination of the abdominal cavity, but also leads to tumor dissemination in the abdominal cavity.

In summary, colon cancer combined with retroperitoneal abscess often has hidden symptoms of fever and weight loss. The clinical manifestations are mainly pain in the thigh, abdomen, and back caused by an iliopsoas muscle abscess. When patients have these symptoms, they need to undergo systematic evaluation, tumor markers testings, CT, and other examinations to rule out the possibility of colon cancer. Clear and timely diagnosis is the core of treatment for such patients. In terms of treatment, anti-inflammatory agents and abscess drainage are the primary treatment items. Proximal enterostomy can not only alleviate inflammation and abscesses, but also create conditions for comprehensive treatment. After comprehensive treatment, selecting the opportunity to perform radical tumor surgery and stoma reduction surgery may be the best treatment plan.

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.

The 3D image of the human body in Figure 3 is drawn by 3Dbody software( https://www.3dbody.com/), acknowledging here for support in using the software.

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2023.1198592/full#supplementary-material

2. Yang XF, Pan K. Diagnosis and management of acute complications in patients with colon cancer: bleeding, obstruction, and perforation. Chin J Cancer Res = Chung-kuo yen cheng yen chiu (2014) 26:331–40.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

3. Coffin A, Boulay-Coletta I, Sebbag-Sfez D, Zins M. Radioanatomy of the retroperitoneal space. Diagn interventional Imaging (2015) 96:171–86. doi: 10.1016/j.diii.2014.06.015

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

4. Kobayashi H, Sakurai Y, Shoji M, Nakamura Y, Suganuma M, Imazu H, et al. Psoas abscess and cellulitis of the right gluteal region resulting from carcinoma of the cecum. J Gastroenterol (2001) 36:623–8. doi: 10.1007/s005350170047

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

5. Peterson CM, Allison JG, Lu CC. Psoas abscess resulting from perforating carcinoma of the sigmoid colon. Rep case. Dis colon rectum (1983) 26:390–2. doi: 10.1007/BF02553381

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

6. Llauger J, Pérez C, Andreu J, Palmer J. Psoas abscess demonstrated by CT as the first evidence of carcinoma of the colon. Computerized radiology: Off J Computerized Tomography Soc (1987) 11:259–61. doi: 10.1016/0730-4862(87)90009-6

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

7. Maglinte DD, Pollack HM. Retroperitoneal abscess: a presentation of colon carcinoma. Gastrointestinal Radiol (1983) 8:177–81. doi: 10.1007/BF01948116

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

8. Patel L, Teklay S, Wallace D, Skillman J. Perforated caecal carcinoma masquerading as lower limb necrotising fasciitis: lessons learnt. BMJ Case Rep 2018 (2018). doi: 10.1136/bcr-2017-219412

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

9. Ng NY, Twoon M, Thomson SE. Psoas abscess and severe fasciitis due to a caecal carcinoma. BMJ Case Rep 2015 (2015). doi: 10.1136/bcr-2014-207494

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

10. Mohandas SK, Mazarello F, Bisset R. Right gluteal abscess: an unusual presentation of perforated caecal adenocarcinoma. J gastrointestinal Cancer (2010) 41:285–7. doi: 10.1007/s12029-010-9155-y

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

12. Petrovic I, Pecin I, Prutki M, Augustin G, Nedic A, Gojevic A, et al. Thigh abscess as an extension of psoas abscess: the first manifestation of perforated appendiceal adenocarcinoma: case report. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift (2015) 127:645–8. doi: 10.1007/s00508-014-0651-0

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

13. Nishi S, Fukuoka T, Iseki Y, Shibutani M, Toyokawa T, Tanaka H, et al. [A case report of psoas abscess formation caused by mucinous cystadenocarcinoma]. Gan to kagaku ryoho. Cancer chemotherapy (2022) 49:897–9.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

14. Lee KN, Lee HL, Yoon JH, Cho SC, Lee OY, Yoon BC, et al. [A case of mucinous adenocarcinoma of the colon presenting with psoas abscess]. Korean J Gastroenterol = Taehan Sohwagi Hakhoe chi (2008) 52:120–3.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

15. Karthikeyan VS, Sistla SC, Ram D, Ali SM, Velayutham SS, Vijayaraghavan N. Carcinoma cecum presenting as right gluteal abscess through inferior lumbar triangle pathway–report of a rare case. Int Surg (2014) 99:371–3. doi: 10.9738/INTSURG-D-13-00116.1

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

16. Yang JY, Lee JK, Cha SM, Joo YB. Psoas abscess caused by spontaneous rupture of colon cancer. Clinics orthopedic Surg (2011) 3:342–4. doi: 10.4055/cios.2011.3.4.342

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

17. Wang B, Liu W, Shao Z, Zeng X. Retroperitoneal metastatic poorly differentiated carcinoma with β-human chorionic gonadotropin secretion presenting as a psoas abscess: A case report and review of the literature. Medicine (2017) 96:e6837. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000006837

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

18. Okita A, Kubo Y, Tanada M, Kurita A, Takashima S. Unusual abscesses associated with colon cancer: report of three cases. Acta Med Okayama (2007) 61:107–13.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

19. Chuang MT, Liaw WS, Wang WY, Yeh CY, Lin SL, Hsiao CH. Psoas abscess due to mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the appendix: a case report. Zhonghua yi xue za zhi = Chin Med J (1995) 55:412–6. Free China ed.

Google Scholar

20. Tsukuda K, Ikeda E, Miyake T, Ishihara Y, Watatani H, Nogami T, et al. Abdominal wall and thigh abscess resulting from the penetration of ascending colon cancer. Acta Med Okayama (2005) 59:281–3.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

21. Menon A, Agashe VM, Jakkan MS. Rare case of iliopsoas abscess secondary to mucinous adenocarcinoma of the colon: A case report. J orthopaedic Case Rep (2018) 8:32–5.

Google Scholar

22. Prabhu RM, Koshire SR, Khandelwal RCS. A rare case of psoas abscess secondary to mucinous adenocarcinoma of the appendix: A case report. J orthopaedic Case Rep (2021) 11:1–5. doi: 10.13107/jocr.2021.v11.i08.2340

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

23. Harada S, Kato T, Okada S, Nakatani K, Matsumoto R, Nishida K, et al. Necrotizing soft tissue infection of the thigh associated with retroperitoneal abscess in a patient with locally advanced ascending colon cancer: A case report. IDCases (2017) 10:112–4. doi: 10.1016/j.idcr.2017.09.002

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

24. Cacurri A, Cannata G, Trastulli S, Desiderio J, Mangia A, Adamenko O, et al. A rare case of perforated descending colon cancer complicated with a fistula and abscess of left iliopsoas and ipsilateral obturator muscle. Case Rep Surg (2014) 2014:128506. doi: 10.1155/2014/128506

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

25. Han SZ, Wang R, Wen KM. Delayed diagnosis of ascending colon mucinous adenocarcinoma with local abscess as primary manifestation: Report of three cases. World J Clin cases (2021) 9:7901–8. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i26.7901

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

26. Mosalem O, Rous FA, Al-Abcha A, Kherallah S, Burch J. Pyomyositis as an unusual presentation of colonic adenocarcinoma. Permanente J (2020) 25:1. doi: 10.7812/TPP/20.170

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

27. Paramythiotis D, Karakatsanis A, Moysidis M, Pagkou D, Bangeas P, Michalopoulos A. Retroperitoneal cecal perforation resulting from obstructive ascending colon adenocarcinoma. Case Rep Surg (2020) 2020:9371071. doi: 10.1155/2020/9371071

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

28. Rossetto A, Cerato F, Cedolini C, Arena MC, Bresadola V, Terrosu G. Post-traumatic right lumbar abscess as first manifestation of perforated right colon cancer - A case report. Case Rep Oncol (2010) 3:40–4. doi: 10.1159/000285986

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

29. Mitselou A, Varouktsi A, Papadatos SS, Balasi E, Lampri E, Katsanos K, et al. Unusual abscess masquerading as poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the colon showing characteristics of choriocarcinoma. Autopsy Case Rep (2020) 10:e2020145. doi: 10.4322/acr.2020.145

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

30. Gopalakrishnan G, Srinivas BH, Pottakkat B, Gnanasekaran S, Kalayarasan R. Perforated high-grade mixed neuroendocrine nonneuroendocrine neoplasm of cecum: unusual presentation of rare disease. Gastrointestinal tumors (2021) 8:128–33. doi: 10.1159/000512237

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

31. Iemura S, Mori S, Kamiya M, Yamazaki K, Kobayashi T, Akagi M, et al. Treatment of thigh abscess caused by retroperitoneal perforation of cecal cancer: A case report. Ann Med Surg (2022) 79:103882.

Google Scholar

32. Ruscelli P, Renzi C, Polistena A, Sanguinetti A, Avenia N, Popivanov G, et al. Clinical signs of retroperitoneal abscess from colonic perforation: Two case reports and literature review. Medicine (2018) 97:e13176. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000013176

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

33. Das A, Hureibi K, Tayyab M, McCullough P. Caecal cancer presenting as leg erythema and a lung opacity. BMJ Case Rep 2017 (2017). doi: 10.1136/bcr-2017-220752

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

34. Sato H, Shibasaki S, Okabe A, Tsukamoto T, Morise Z, Uyama I. Hematogenous intestinal metastases from sigmoid colon cancer presenting as iliopsoas abscess and bowel obstruction. Int Cancer Conf J (2019) 8:105–8. doi: 10.1007/s13691-019-00364-8

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text |