Escobar-Morreale HF. Polycystic ovary syndrome: definition, aetiology, diagnosis and treatment. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2018;14(5):270–84.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bulsara J, Patel P, Soni A, Acharya S. A review: brief insight into polycystic ovarian syndrome. Endocr Metab Sci. 2021;3:100085.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

McCartney CR, Marshall JC. Polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(1):54–64.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mihaylova MM, Shaw RJ. The AMPK signalling pathway coordinates cell growth, autophagy and metabolism. Nat Cell Biol. 2011;13(9):1016–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chopra I, Li H, Wang H, Webster K. Phosphorylation of the insulin receptor by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) promotes ligand-independent activation of the insulin signalling pathway in rodent muscle. Diabetologia. 2012;55(3):783–94.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jeon S-M. Regulation and function of AMPK in physiology and diseases. Exp Mol Med. 2016;48(7):e245-e.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bachanek M, Abdalla N, Cendrowski K, Sawicki W. Value of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome–literature review. J Ultrasonogr. 2015;15(63):410.

Article  Google Scholar 

Taher MG, Mohammed MR, Al-Mahdawi MAS, Halaf NKA, Jalil AT, Alsandook T (2023) The role of protein kinases in diabetic neuropathic pain: an update review. J Diabetes Metab Disord 1-8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Waldstreicher J, Santoro NF, Hall JE, Filicori M, Crowley WF. Hyperfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in women with polycystic ovarian disease: indirect evidence for partial gonadotroph desensitization. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol. 1988;66(1):165–72.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cardone VS. GnRH antagonists for treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2003;80:25–31.

Article  Google Scholar 

Eagleson CA, Gingrich MB, Pastor CL, Arora TK, Burt CM, Evans WS, et al. Polycystic ovarian syndrome: evidence that flutamide restores sensitivity of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator to inhibition by estradiol and progesterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(11):4047–52.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chaudhari N, Dawalbhakta M, Nampoothiri L. GnRH dysregulation in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a manifestation of an altered neurotransmitter profile. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2018;16(1):1–13.

Article  Google Scholar 

Silva MS, Desroziers E, Hessler S, Prescott M, Coyle C, Herbison AE, et al. Activation of arcuate nucleus GABA neurons promotes luteinizing hormone secretion and reproductive dysfunction: implications for polycystic ovary syndrome. EBioMedicine. 2019;44:582–96.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Berg T, Silveira MA, Moenter SM. Prepubertal development of GABAergic transmission to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons and postsynaptic response are altered by prenatal androgenization. J Neurosci. 2018;38(9):2283–93.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Catteau-Jonard S, Dewailly D. Pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome: the role of hyperandrogenism. Polycystic Ovary Syndr. 2013;40:22–7.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Rosenfield RL, Ehrmann DA. The pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): the hypothesis of PCOS as functional ovarian hyperandrogenism revisited. Endocr Rev. 2016;37(5):467–520.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Miller WL. Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) a novel mitochondrial cholesterol transporter. Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 2007;1771(6):663–76.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Rasmussen MK, Ekstrand B, Zamaratskaia G. Regulation of 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/∆5-∆4 isomerase: a review. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14(9):17926–42.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ma Y, Andrisse S, Chen Y, Childress S, Xue P, Wang Z, et al. Androgen receptor in the ovary theca cells plays a critical role in androgen-induced reproductive dysfunction. Endocrinology. 2017;158(1):98–108.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rashtchizadeh N, Argani H, Ghorbanihaghjo A, Sanajou D, Hosseini V, Dastmalchi S, et al. AMPK: a promising molecular target for combating cisplatin toxicities. Biochem Pharmacol. 2019;163:94–100.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Seza E, Güderer I, Ermis Ç, Banerjee S. PRKAA1 (protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1). Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. 2019;23(5).

Salminen A, Kaarniranta K. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) controls the aging process via an integrated signaling network. Ageing Res Rev. 2012;11(2):230–41.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boudeau J, Sapkota G, Alessi DR. LKB1, a protein kinase regulating cell proliferation and polarity. FEBS Lett. 2003;546(1):159–65.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Woods A, Dickerson K, Heath R, Hong S-P, Momcilovic M, Johnstone SR, et al. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase-β acts upstream of AMP-activated protein kinase in mammalian cells. Cell Metabol. 2005;2(1):21–33.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

An H, Wang Y, Qin C, Li M, Maheshwari A, He L. The importance of the AMPK gamma 1 subunit in metformin suppression of liver glucose production. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):1–10.

Article  Google Scholar 

Fujiwara Y, Kawaguchi Y, Fujimoto T, Kanayama N, Magari M, Tokumitsu H. Differential AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) recognition mechanism of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase isoforms. J Biol Chem. 2016;291(26):13802–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Joseph BK, Liu H-Y, Francisco J, Pandya D, Donigan M, Gallo-Ebert C, et al. Inhibition of AMP kinase by the protein phosphatase 2A heterotrimer, PP2APpp2r2d. J Biol Chem. 2015;290(17):10588–98.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wischhusen J, Melero I, Fridman WH. Growth/differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15): from biomarker to novel targetable immune checkpoint. Front Immunol. 2020;11:951.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aguilar-Recarte D, Barroso E, Gumà A, Pizarro-Delgado J, Peña L, Ruart M, et al. GDF15 mediates the metabolic effects of PPARβ/δ by activating AMPK. Cell Rep. 2021;36(6):109501.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Papavassiliou AG. Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome. Trends Mol Med. 2006;12(7):324–32.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ciaraldi TP, Aroda V, Mudaliar S, Chang RJ, Henry RR. Polycystic ovary syndrome is associated with tissue-specific differences in insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol. 2009;94(1):157–63.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Moret M, Stettler R, Rodieux F, Gaillard RC, Waeber G, Wirthner D, et al. Insulin modulation of luteinizing hormone secretion in normal female volunteers and lean polycystic ovary syndrome patients. Neuroendocrinology. 2009;89(2):131–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tosi F, Negri C, Perrone F, Dorizzi R, Castello R, Bonora E, et al. Hyperinsulinemia amplifies GnRH agonist stimulated ovarian steroid secretion in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol. 2012;97(5):1712–9.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Vlavcheski F, Den Hartogh DJ, Giacca A, Tsiani E. Amelioration of high-insulin-induced skeletal muscle cell insulin resistance by resveratrol is linked to activation of AMPK and restoration of GLUT4 translocation. Nutrients. 2020;12(4):914.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhou Y-J, Xu N, Zhang X-C, Zhu Y-Y, Liu S-W, Chang Y-N. Chrysin improves glucose and lipid metabolism disorders by regulating the AMPK/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells and HFD/STZ-induced C57BL/6J mice. J Agric Food Chem. 2021;69(20):5618–27.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guo S, Wang G, Yang Z. Ligustilide alleviates the insulin resistance, lipid accumulation, and pathological injury with elevated phosphorylated AMPK level in rats with diabetes mellitus. J Recept Signal Transd. 2021;41(1):85–92.

Article  Google Scholar 

Zhang Z, Zhao H, Wang A. Oleuropein alleviates gestational diabetes mellitus by activating AMPK signaling. Endocr Connections. 2021;10(1):45–53.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zheng S-l, Li Z-Y, Song J, Liu J-M, Miao C-Y. Metrnl: a secreted protein with new emerging functions. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2016;37(5):571–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jung TW, Lee SH, Kim H-C, Bang JS, AM AE-A, Hacımüftüoğlu A, et al. METRNL attenuates lipid-induced inflammation and insulin resistance via AMPK or PPARδ-dependent pathways in skeletal muscle of mice. Exp Mol Med. 2018;50(9):1–11.

Arti