Vaduganathan M, Mensah GA, Turco JV, Fuster V, Roth GA. The global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk: a compass for future health. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;80:2361–71.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tatsumi Y, Ohkubo T. Hypertension with diabetes mellitus: significance from an epidemiological perspective for Japanese. Hypertens Res. 2017;40:795–806.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahmad E, Lim S, Lamptey R, Webb DR, Davies MJ. Type 2 diabetes. Lancet. 2022;400:1803–20.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Samuel VT, Shulman GI. Mechanisms for insulin resistance: common threads and missing links. Cell. 2012;148:852–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ferrannini E, Cushman WC. Diabetes and hypertension: the bad companions. Lancet. 2012;380:601–10.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Adler AI. Association of systolic blood pressure with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 36): prospective observational study. BMJ. 2000;321:412–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. BMJ. 1998;317:703–13.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kelsey MD, Nelson AJ, Green JB, Granger CB, Peterson ED, McGuire DK, et al. Guidelines for Cardiovascular Risk Reduction in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: JACC Guideline Comparison. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;79:1849–57.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Umemura S, Arima H, Arima S, Asayama K, Dohi Y, Hirooka Y, et al. The Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension (JSH 2019). Hypertens Res. 2019;42:1235–481.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, Buroker AB, Goldberger ZD, Hahn EJ, et al. 2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74:e177–e232.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, Bannuru RR, Brown FM, Bruemmer D, et al. 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2023. Diabetes Care. 2023;46:S158–S190.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cosentino F, Grant PJ, Aboyans V, Bailey CJ, Ceriello A, Delgado V, et al. ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:255–323. 2019

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

ACCORD Study Group, Cushman WC, Evans GW, Byington RP, Goff DC Jr, Grimm RH Jr, et al. Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1575–85.

Article  Google Scholar 

Patel A, ADVANCE Collaborative Group, MacMahon S, ADVANCE Collaborative G, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, et al. Effects of a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide on macrovascular and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the ADVANCE trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;370:829–40.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG, Dahlöf B, Elmfeldt D, Julius S, et al. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. HOT Study Group. Lancet. 1998;351:1755–62.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Emdin CA, Rahimi K, Neal B, Callender T, Perkovic V, Patel A. Blood pressure lowering in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2015;313:603–15.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

SPRINT Research Group, Wright JT Jr, Williamson JD, Whelton PK, Snyder JK, Sink KM, Rocco MV, et al. A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2103–16.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kreutz R, Brunström M, Thomopoulos C, Carlberg B, Mancia G. Do recent meta-analyses truly prove that treatment with blood pressure-lowering drugs is beneficial at any blood pressure value, no matter how low? A critical review. J Hypertens. 2022;40:839–46.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ueki K, Sasako T, Okazaki Y, Kato M, Okahata S, Katsuyama H, et al. Effect of an intensified multifactorial intervention on cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in type 2 diabetes (J-DOIT3): an open-label, randomized controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5:951–64.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sone H, Tanaka S, Tanaka S, Iimuro S, Oida K, Yamasaki Y, et al. Serum level of triglycerides is a potent risk factor comparable to LDL cholesterol for coronary heart disease in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: sub analysis of the Japan Diabetes Complications Study (JDCS). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:3448–56.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arnold SV, Bhatt DL, Barsness GW, Beatty AL, Deedwania PC, Inzucchi SE, et al. Clinical Management of Stable Coronary Artery Disease in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020;141:e779–e806.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nazarzadeh M, Bidel Z, Canoy D, Copland E, Bennett DA, Dehghan A, et al. Blood pressure-lowering treatment for prevention of major cardiovascular diseases in people with and without type 2 diabetes: an individual participant-level data meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022;10:645–54.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stewart LA, Parmar MK. Meta-analysis of the literature or of individual patient data: is there a difference? Lancet. 1993;341:418–22.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li W, Jingjing Z, Yuan Y. Blood pressure reduction and major cardiovascular events in people with and without type 2 diabetes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022;10:840–1.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ruilope LM, Ruiz-Hurtado G. Blood pressure control according to type 2 diabetes status. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022;10:612–3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Davies MJ, Aroda VR, Collins BS, Gabbay RA, Green J, Maruthur NM, et al. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2022. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia. 2022;65:1925–66.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tanaka A, Node K. Hypertension in diabetes care: emerging roles of recent hypoglycemic agents. Hypertens Res. 2021;44:897–905.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Braunwald E. Gliflozins in the management of cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2022;386:2024–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liakos CI, Papadopoulos DP, Sanidas EA, Markou MI, Hatziagelaki EE, Grassos CA, et al. Blood pressure-lowering effect of newer antihyperglycemic agents (SGLT-2 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and DPP-4 inhibitors). Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2021;21:123–37.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kobayashi K, Toyoda M, Hatori N, Sakai H, Furuki T, Sato K, et al. Comparison of the blood pressure management between sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists. Sci Rep. 2022;12:16106.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kario K, Okada K, Kato M, Nishizawa M, Yoshida T, Asano T, et al. 24-hour blood pressure-lowering effect of an SGLT-2 inhibitor in patients with diabetes and uncontrolled nocturnal hypertension: results from the Randomized, Placebo-Controlled SACRA Study. Circulation. 2018;139:2089–97.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

van Ruiten CC, Smits MM, Kok MD, Serné EH, van Raalte DH, Kramer M, et al. Mechanisms underlying the blood pressure lowering effects of dapagliflozin, exenatide, and their combination in people with type 2 diabetes: a secondary analysis of a randomized trial. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21:63.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sawami K, Tanaka A, Node K. Anti-obesity therapy for cardiovascular disease prevention: potential expected roles of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21:176.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Drucker DJ. The cardiovascular biology of glucagon-like peptide-1. Cell Metab. 2016;24:15–30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Martins FL, Bailey MA, Girardi ACC. Endogenous activation of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor contributes to blood pressure control: role of proximal tubule Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3, renal angiotensin II, and insulin sensitivity. Hypertension. 2020;76:839–48.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bakris GL, Agarwal R, Anker SD, Pitt B, Ruilope LM, Rossing P, et al. Effect of finerenone on chronic kidney disease outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:2219–29.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pitt B, Filippatos G, Agarwal R, Anker SD, Bakris GL, Rossing P, et al. Cardiovascular events with finerenone in kidney disease and