An Update on Contraception for Transgender, Non-binary, and Gender-expansive Individuals

Coleman E, Radix AE, Bouman WP, et al. Standards of care for the health of transgender and gender diverse people, version 8. Int J Transgend Health. 2022;23(Suppl 1):S1-S259. Published 2022 Sep 6. https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644.

Rafferty J, Yogman M, Baum R, et al. Ensuring comprehensive care and support for transgender and gender-diverse children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2018 Oct 1;142(4). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-2162.

•• Bonnington A, Dianat S, Kerns J, et al. Society of Family Planning clinical recommendations: contraceptive counseling for transgender and gender diverse people who were female sex assigned at birth. Contraception. 2020;102(2):70–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2020.04.001. This recent clinical guidance by the Society of Family Planning outlines special considerations that providers should consider when providing contraceptive counseling for TGE individuals, based on available literature and expert opinions.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hembree WC, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Gooren L, et al. Endocrine treatment of gender-dysphoric/gender-incongruent persons: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline [published correction appears in J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Feb 1;103(2):699] [published correction appears in J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Jul 1;103(7):2758–2759]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(11):3869–3903. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-01658.

Rosen HN, Hamnvik OR, Jaisamrarn U, et al. Bone densitometry in transgender and gender non-conforming (TGNC) individuals: 2019 ISCD official position. J Clin Densitom. 2019;22(4):544–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocd.2019.07.004.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thompson J, Hopwood RA, de Normand S, Cavanaugh T. Medical care of trans and gender diverse adults. March 2021. Fenway Health, Boston, MA. https://fenwayhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/Medical-Care-of-Trans-and-Gender-Diverse-Adults-Spring-2021-1.pdf.

Light AD, Obedin-Maliver J, Sevelius JM, Kerns JL. Transgender men who experienced pregnancy after female-to-male gender transitioning. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;124:1120–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pelusi C, Costantino A, Martelli V, Lambertini M, Bazzocchi A, Ponti F, et al. Effects of three different testosterone formulations in female-to-male transsexual persons. J Sex Med. 2014;11:3002–11.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Light AD, Wang L-F, Zeymo A, Gomez-Lobo V. Family planning and contraception use in transgender men. Contraception. 2018;98:266–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schubert FD, Carey JM. Data unclear on pregnancy risk in transmasculine individuals on testosterone. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;222:393–4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Spinder T, Spijkstra JJ, van den Tweel JG, Burger CW, van Kessel H, Hompes PG, et al. The effects of long term testosterone administration on pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion and on ovarian histology in eugonadal female to male transsexual subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989;69:151–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Roo C, Lierman S, Tilleman K, Peynshaert K, Braeckmans K, Caanen M, et al. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation in female-to-male transgender people: insights into ovarian histology and physiology after prolonged androgen treatment. Reprod Biomed Online. 2017;34:557–66.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Deutsch MB, Bhakri V. Kubicek K Effects of cross-sex hormone treatment on transgender women and men. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;125:605–10.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Perrone AM, Cerpolini S, Maria Salfi NC, Ceccarelli C, Badiali de Giorgi L, Formelli G et al. Effect of long-term testosterone administration on the endometrium of female-to-male (FtM) transsexuals. J Sex Med. 2009;6:3193–200.

Caanen MR, Soleman RS, Kuijper EA, Kreukels BPC, De Roo C, Tilleman K, et al. Antimullerian hormone levels decrease in female-to-male transsexuals using testosterone as cross-sex therapy. Fertil Steril. 2015;103:1340–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Taub RL, Ellis SA, Neal-Perry G, Magaret AS, Prager SW, Micks EA. The effect of testosterone on ovulatory function in transmasculine individuals. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;S0002–9378:30134–44.

Google Scholar 

Grimstad FW, Fowler KG, New EP, Ferrando CA, Pollard RR, Chapman G, et al. Uterine pathology in transmasculine persons on testosterone: a retrospective multicenter case series. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;220(257):e1-257.e7.

Google Scholar 

Loverro G, Resta L, Dellino M, Di Naro E, Cascarano MA, Loverro M, et al. Uterine and ovarian changes during testosterone administration in young female-to-male transsexuals. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;55:686–91.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hawkins M, Deutsch MB, Obedin-Maliver J, et al. Endometrial findings among transgender and gender nonbinary people using testosterone at the time of gender-affirming hysterectomy. Fertil Steril. 2021;115(5):1312–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.11.008.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schwartz AR, Russell K, Gray BA. Approaches to vaginal bleeding and contraceptive counseling in transgender and gender nonbinary patients. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134:81–90.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abern L, Maguire K. Contraception knowledge in transgender individuals: are we doing enough? Obstet Gynecol. 2018;131:65S.

Article  Google Scholar 

Stark B, Hughto JMW, Charlton BM, Deutsch MB, Potter J, Reisner SL. The contraceptive and reproductive history and planning goals of trans-masculine adults: a mixed-methods study. Contraception. 2019;100:468–73.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Crissman HC, Stroumsa D, Tilea A, Moravek MB, Harris LH, Dalton VK. Leveraging administrative claims to understand disparities in gender minority health: Contraceptive use patterns among transgender and nonbinary people. LGBT Health. 2022;9(3):186–93. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2021.0303. Findings from this study suggest that transmasculine people are being prescribed fewer oral contraceptive pills and less long-acting reversible contraceptives, have more hysterectomies, and are less likely to use any contraceptive at all when compared to cisgender women.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Agénor M, Cottrill AA, Kay E, Janiak E, Gordon AR, Potter J. Contraceptive beliefs, decision making and care experiences among transmasculine young adults: a qualitative analysis. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2020;52(1):7–14. https://doi.org/10.1363/psrh.12128.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fix L, Durden M, Obedin-Maliver J, et al. Stakeholder perceptions and experiences regarding access to contraception and abortion for transgender, non-binary, and gender-expansive individuals assigned female at birth in the U.S. Arch Sex Behav. 2020;49(7):2683–2702. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01707-w.

Nahata L, Chen D, Quinn GP, et al. Reproductive attitudes and behaviors among transgender/nonbinary adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2020;66(3):372–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.09.008.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Forsberg H, Eliason MJ. Healthcare providers’ pregnancy prevention counseling of trans and non-binary assigned female at birth (TNB/AFAB) patients. J Homosex. 2022;69(2):356–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2020.1819713.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Unger CA. Care of the transgender patient: a survey of gynecologists’ current knowledge and practice. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2015;24(2):114–8. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2014.4918.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marshall Z, Welch V, Minichiello A, Swab M, Brunger F, Kaposy C. Documenting research with transgender, nonbinary, and other gender diverse (trans) individuals and communities: introducing the global trans research evidence map. Transgend Health. 2019;4(1):68–80. Published 2019 Mar 1. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2018.0020.

Cipres D, Seidman D, Cloniger C, Nova C, O’Shea A, Obedin-Maliver J. Contraceptive use and pregnancy intentions among transgender men presenting to a clinic for sex workers and their families in San Francisco. Contraception. 2017;95:186–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mancini I, Alvisi S, Gava G, Seracchioli R, Meriggiola MC. Contraception across transgender. Int J Impot Res. 2020;33(7):710–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41443-021-00412-z.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baillargeon J, Urban RJ, Morgentaler A, Glueck CJ, Baillargeon G, Sharma G, et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism in men receiving testosterone therapy. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015;90:1038–45.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shatzel JJ, Connelly KJ, DeLoughery TG. Thrombotic issues in transgender medicine: a review. Am J Hematol. 2017;92:204–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fan EM, Gordner C, Luty J. Venous thromboembolism in a transgender adolescent on testosterone therapy: a case report and literature review. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2020;42(5):e352–4. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPH.0000000000001755.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

LaVasseur C, Neukam S, Kartika T, Samuelson Bannow B, Shatzel J, DeLoughery TG. Hormonal therapies and venous thrombosis: considerations for prevention and management. Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2022;6(6):e12763. Published 2022 Aug 23. https://doi.org/10.1002/rth2.12763.

Curtis KM, Zapata LB, Pagano HP, Nguyen A, Reeves J, Whiteman MK. Removing unnecessary medical barriers to contraception: celebrating a decade of the U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2021;30(3):293–300. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2020.8910.

Serfaty D. Update on the contraceptive contraindications. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod. 2019;48(5):297–307.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gomez A, Walters P, Dao LT. “Testosterone in a way is birth control”: contraceptive attitudes and experiences among transmasculine and genderqueer young adults. Contraception. 2016;94:422–3.

Article  Google Scholar 

Krempasky C, Harris M, Abern L, Grimstad F. Contraception across the transmasculine spectrum. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;222:134–43.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bates CK, Carroll N, Potter J. The challenging pelvic examination. J Gen Intern Med. 2011;26:651–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Akgul S, Bonny AE, Ford N, Holland-Hall C, Chelvakumar G. Experiences of gender minority youth with the intrauterine system. J Adolesc Health. 2019;65(1):32–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.11.010.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hodax JK, Wagner J, Sackett-Taylor AC, Rafferty J, Forcier M. Medical options for care of gender diverse and transgender youth. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2020;33:3–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abern L, Krempasky C, Diego D, et al. The intrauterine device experience among transgender and gender-diverse individuals assigned female at birth. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2021;66(6):772–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.13310.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Berglin M, Stram D, Stenquist A, Dessi S, Ritterman Weintraub M, Zaritsky E. Intrauterine device, subdermal contraceptive, and depot medroxyprogesterone use among transmasculine and cisgender patients over a 10-year period. Contraception. 2022;108:56–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2021.11.001. Findings from this study suggest that annual uptake of the intrauterine device, the subdermal contraceptive, and depot medroxyprogesterone has increased significantly in both transmasculine and cisgender individuals in the past 10 years, with a larger increase being shown for the transmasculine group.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lavelanet AF, Rybin D, White KO. The pharmacokinetics of 12-week continuous contraceptive patch use. Contraception. 2017;95(6):578–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2017.03.002. (Epub 2017 Mar 8 PMID: 28285154).

留言 (0)

沒有登入
gif