Functional Movement Disorder

Stone J. Carson A. Duncan R. et al.

Who is referred to neurology clinics?--the diagnoses made in 3781 new patients.

Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 112: 747-751

Epidemiology and clinical impact of psychogenic movement disorders.

in: Hallett M. Lang A.E. Jankovic J. Psychogenic Movement Disorders and Other Conversion Disorders. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 20-29Gargalas S. Weeks R. Khan-Bourne N. et al.

Incidence and outcome of functional stroke mimics admitted to a hyperacute stroke unit.

J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 88: 2-6Gendre T. Carle G. Mesrati F. et al.

Quality of life and psychiatric comorbidities comparisons in patients with functional (psychogenic) and organic movement disorders.

Mov Disord. 33: S475

Psychogenic movement disorders.

Curr Opin Neurol. 22: 430-436Edwards M.J. Adams R.A. Brown H. et al.

A Bayesian account of 'hysteria'.

Brain. 135: 3495-3512Erro R. Brigo F. Trinka E. et al.

Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures and movement disorders: a comparative review.

Neurol Clin Pract. 6: 138-149Vechetova G. Slovak M. Kemlink D. et al.

The impact of non-motor symptoms on the health-related quality of life in patients with functional movement disorders.

J Psychosom Res. 115: 32-37

Diagnosis and management of functional neurological disorder.

BMJ. 376: o64LaFaver K. Lang A.E. Stone J. et al.

Opinions and clinical practices related to diagnosing and managing functional (psychogenic) movement disorders: changes in the last decade.

Eur J Neurol. 27: 975-984Gelauff J. Stone J. Edwards M. et al.

The prognosis of functional (psychogenic) motor symptoms: a systematic review.

J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 85: 220-226American Psychiatric Association

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

5th Edition. American Psychiatric Association, Arlington, VA

World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th Edition.), 2019. Available at: https://icd.who.int/.

Maggio J. Alluri P.R. Paredes-Echeverri S. et al.

Briquet syndrome revisited: implications for functional neurological disorder.

Brain Communications. 2: fcaa156Lidstone S.C. Costa-Parke M. Robinson E.J. et al.

Functional movement disorder gender, age and phenotype study: a systematic review and individual patient meta-analysis of 4905 cases.

J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 93: 609-616

Neurologic diagnostic criteria for functional neurologic disorders.

Handb Clin Neurol. 139: 193-212Fekete R. Baizabal-Carvallo J.F. Ha A.D. et al.

Convergence spasm in conversion disorders: prevalence in psychogenic and other movement disorders compared with controls.

J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 83: 202-204Teodoro T. Cunha J.M. Abreu L.F. et al.

Abnormal Eye and Cranial Movements Triggered by Examination in People with Functional Neurological Disorder.

Neuro Ophthalmol. 43: 240-243Daum C. Gheorghita F. Spatola M. et al.

Interobserver agreement and validity of bedside 'positive signs' for functional weakness, sensory and gait disorders in conversion disorder: a pilot study.

J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 86: 425-430van der Veen S. Klamer M.R. Elting J.W.J. et al.

The diagnostic value of clinical neurophysiology in hyperkinetic movement disorders: A systematic review.

Park Relat Disord. 89: 176-185Daum C. Hubschmid M. Aybek S.

The value of 'positive' clinical signs for weakness, sensory and gait disorders in conversion disorder: a systematic and narrative review.

J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 85: 180-190

Psychogenic dystonia.

Adv Neurol. 50: 431-455Zutt R. Gelauff J.M. Smit M. et al.

The presence of depression and anxiety do not distinguish between functional jerks and cortical myoclonus.

Park Relat Disord. 45: 90-93Stone J. Reuber M. Carson A.

Functional symptoms in neurology: mimics and chameleons.

Practical Neurol. 13: 104-113Parees I. Kojovic M. Pires C. et al.

Physical precipitating factors in functional movement disorders.

J Neurol Sci. 338: 174-177Lagrand T. Tuitert I. Klamer M. et al.

Functional or not functional; that's the question: can we predict the diagnosis functional movement disorder based on associated features?.

Eur J Neurol. 28: 33-39Huys A.C.M.L. Beck B. Haggard P. et al.

No increased suggestibility to placebo in functional neurological disorder.

Eur J Neurol. 28: 2367-2371

Functional limb weakness and paralysis.

Handb Clin Neurol. 139: 213-228Stone J. Warlow C. Sharpe M.

The symptom of functional weakness: a controlled study of 107 patients.

Brain. 133: 1537-1551Schwingenschuh P. Espay A.J.

Functional tremor.

J Neurol Sci. 435: 120208Deuschl G. Bain P. Brin M.

Consensus statement of the Movement Disorder Society on Tremor. Ad Hoc Scientific Committee.

Mov Disord. 13: 2-23Schrag A. Trimble M. Quinn N. et al.

The syndrome of fixed dystonia: an evaluation of 103 patients.

Brain. 127: 2360-2372Popkirov S. Hoeritzauer I. Colvin L. et al.

Complex regional pain syndrome and functional neurological disorders: time for reconciliation.

J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 90: 608-614Frucht L. Perez D.L. Callahan J. et al.

Functional Dystonia: Differentiation From Primary Dystonia and Multidisciplinary Treatments.

Front Neurol. 11: 605262Ercoli T. Defazio G. Geroin C. et al.

Sudden Onset, Fixed Dystonia and Acute Peripheral Trauma as Diagnostic Clues for Functional Dystonia.

Mov Disord Clin Pract. 8: 1107-1111

Functional (psychogenic) movement disorders - Clinical presentations.

Park Relat Disord. 22: S149-S152Dreissen Y.E.M. Cath D.C. Tijssen M.A.J.

Functional jerks, tics, and paroxysmal movement disorders.

Handb Clin Neurol. 139: 247-258van der Salm S.M. Erro R. Cordivari C. et al.

Propriospinal myoclonus: clinical reappraisal and review of literature.

Neurology. 83: 1862-1870Stamelou M. Saifee T.A. Edwards M.J. et al.

Psychogenic palatal tremor may be underrecognized: reappraisal of a large series of cases.

Mov Disord. 27: 1164-1168Nonnekes J. Ruzicka E. Serranova T. et al.

Functional gait disorders: A sign-based approach.

Neurology. 94: 1093-1099Kaski D. Bronstein A.M. Edwards M.J. et al.

Cranial functional (psychogenic) movement disorders.

Lancet Neurol. 14: 1196-1205Demartini B. Ricciardi L. Parees I. et al.

A positive diagnosis of functional (psychogenic) tics.

Eur J Neurol. 22: 527-e536Ganos C. Martino D. Espay A.J. et al.

Tics and functional tic-like movements: Can we tell them apart?.

Neurology. 93: 750-758Martino D. Hedderly T. Murphy T. et al.

The spectrum of functional tic-like behaviours: Data from an international registry.

Eur J Neurol. 30: 334-343

Unravelling of the paroxysmal dyskinesias.

J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 90: 227-234Feinstein A. Stergiopoulos V. Fine J. et al.

Psychiatric outcome in patients with a psychogenic movement disorder: a prospective study.

Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol. 14: 169-176Perez D.L. Aybek S. Popkirov S. et al.

A Review and Expert Opinion on the Neuropsychiatric Assessment of Motor Functional Neurological Disorders.

J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 33: 14-26Stone J. Carson A. Duncan R. et al.

Which neurological diseases are most likely to be associated with "symptoms unexplained by organic disease".

J Neurol. 259: 33-38Walzl D. Solomon A.J. Stone J.

Functional neurological disorder and multiple sclerosis: a systematic review of misdiagnosis and clinical overlap.

J Neurol. 269: 654-663Onofrj M. Russo M. Carrarini C. et al.

Functional neurological disorder and somatic symptom disorder in Parkinson's disease.

J Neurol Sci. 433: 120017Serranova T. Slovak M. Kemlink D. et al.

Prevalence of restless legs syndrome in functional movement disorders: a case-control study from the Czech Republic.

BMJ Open. 9: e024236

Physiology of psychogenic movement disorders.

J Clin Neurosci. 17: 959-965Schwingenschuh P. Saifee T.A. Katschnig-Winter P. et al.

Validation of "laboratory-supported" criteria for functional tremor.

Mov Disord. 29: S423-S424van der Stouwe A.M. Elting J.W. van der Hoeven J.H. et al.

How typical are 'typical' tremor characteristics? Sensitivity and specificity of five tremor phenomena.

Park Relat Disord. 30: 23-28

Functional neurological disorders: the neurological assessment as treatment.

Practical Neurol. 16: 7-17Gelauff J.M. Rosmalen J.G.M. Carson A. et al.

Internet-based self-help randomized trial for motor functional neurologic disorder (SHIFT).

Neurology. 95: E1883-E1896Jordbru A.A. Smedstad L.M. Klungsoyr O. et al.

Psychogenic gait disorder: A randomized controlled trial of physical rehabilitation with one-year follow-up.

J Rehabil Med. 46: 181-187Nielsen G. Buszewicz M. Stevenson F. et al.

Randomised feasibility study of physiotherapy for patients with functional motor symptoms.

J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 88: 484-490Gandolfi M. Riello M. Bellamoli V. et al.

Motor and non-motor outcomes after a rehabilitation program for patients with Functional Motor Disorders: A prospective, observational cohort study.

NeuroRehabilitation. 48: 305-314Gandolfi M. Sandri A. Geroin C. et al.

Improvement in motor symptoms, physical fatigue, and self-rated change perception in functional motor disorders: a prospective cohort study of a 12-week telemedicine program.

J Neurol. 269: 5940-5953Nielsen G. Stone J. Matthews A. et al.

Physiotherapy for functional motor disorders: a consensus recommendation.

J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 86: 1113-1119Nicholson C. Edwards M.J. Carson A.J. et al.

Occupational therapy consensus recommendations for functional neurological disorder.

J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 91: 1037-1045Baker J. Barnett C. Cavalli L. et al.

Management of functional communication, swallowing, cough and related disorders: consensus recommendations for speech and language therapy.

J Neurol Neurosur Psychiatr. 92: 1112-1125Gutkin M. McLean L. Brown R. et al.

Systematic review of psychotherapy for adults with functional neurological disorder.

J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 92: 36-44Godena E.J. Perez D.L. Crain L.D. et al.

Psychotherapy for Functional Neurological (Conversion) Disorder: A Case Bridging Mind, Brain, and Body.

J Clin Psychiatry. 82: 45-52Sharpe M. Walker J. Williams C. et al.

Guided self-help for functional (psychogenic) symptoms: a randomized controlled efficacy trial.

Neurology. 77: 564-572Oriuwa C. Mollica A. Feinstein A. et al.

Neuromodulation for the treatment of functional neurological disorder and somatic symptom disorder: a systematic review.

J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 93: 280-290Moene F.C. Spinhoven P. Hoogduin K.A. et al.

A randomized controlled clinical trial of a hypnosis-based treatment for patients with conversion disorder, motor type.

Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 51: 29-50Garcin B. Mesrati F. Hubsch C. et al.

Impact of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Functional Movement Disorders: Cortical Modulation or a Behavioral Effect?.

Front Neurol. 8: 338Lefaucheur J.P. Aleman A. Baeken C. et al.

Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): An update (2014-2018).

Clin Neurophysiol. 131: 474-528Dreissen Y.E.M. Dijk J.M. Gelauff J.M. et al.

Botulinum neurotoxin treatment in jerky and tremulous functional movement disorders: a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial with an open-label extension.

J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 90: 1244-1250Vizcarra J.A. Lopez-Castellanos J.R. Dwivedi A.K. et al.

OnabotulinumtoxinA and cognitive behavioral therapy in functional dystonia: A pilot randomized clinical trial.

Park Relat Disord. 63: 174-178Stone J. Hoeritzauer I. Brown K. et al.

Therapeutic sedation for functional (psychogenic) neurological symptoms.

J Psychosom Res. 76: 165-168Bullock K. Won A.S. Bailenson J. et al.

Virtual Reality-Delivered Mirror Visual Feedback and Exposure Therapy for FND: A Midpoint Report of a Randomized Controlled Feasibility Study.

J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 32: 90-94Saxena A. Godena E. Maggio J. et al.

Towards an Outpatient Model of Care for Motor Functional Neurological Disorders: A Neuropsychiatric Perspective.

Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 16: 2119-2134

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