Adult Obesity Facts | Overweight & Obesity | CDC. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html. Accessed 21 August, 2022.

The response of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to the obesity epidemic.

Annu Rev Public Health. 36: 575-596Ward Z.J. Bleich S.N. Cradock A.L. et al.

Projected U.S. State-Level Prevalence of Adult Obesity and Severe Obesity.

N Engl J Med. 381: 2440-2450

Adipocytokines in obesity and metabolic disease.

J Endocrinol. 220: T47-T59Steele C.B. Thomas C.C. Henley S.J. et al.

Vital Signs: Trends in Incidence of Cancers Associated with Overweight and Obesity - United States, 2005-2014.

MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 66: 1052-1058

How we estimated when obesity might catch smoking as the top cause of cancer - Cancer Research UK - Cancer news. Available at: https://news.cancerresearchuk.org/2018/09/24/how-we-estimated-when-obesity-might-catch-smoking-as-the-top-cause-of-cancer/. Accessed 21 August, 2022.

Alvarnas A. Alvarnas Alvarnas J.

Obesity and cancer risk: a public health crisis..

Am J Manag Care. 25 (): SP332-SP333Hurt R.T. Frazier T.H. McClave S.A. et al.

Obesity epidemic: overview, pathophysiology, and the intensive care unit conundrum.

JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 35: 4S-13SReyes C. Leyland K.M. Peat G. et al.

Association Between Overweight and Obesity and Risk of Clinically Diagnosed Knee, Hip, and Hand Osteoarthritis: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

Arthritis Rheumatol. 68: 1869-1875Odum S.M. Springer B.D. Dennos A.C. et al.

National obesity trends in total knee arthroplasty.

J Arthroplasty. 28: 148-151Changulani M. Kalairajah Y. Peel T. et al.

The relationship between obesity and the age at which hip and knee replacement is undertaken.

Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-British. 90-B: 360-363Malinzak R.A. Ritter M.A. Berend M.E. et al.

Morbidly obese, diabetic, younger, and unilateral joint arthroplasty patients have elevated total joint arthroplasty infection rates.

J Arthroplasty. 24: 84-88Davis A.M. Wood A.M. Keenan A.C. et al.

Does body mass index affect clinical outcome post-operatively and at five years after primary unilateral total hip replacement performed for osteoarthritis? A multivariate analysis of prospective data.

J Bone Joint Surg Br. 93: 1178-1182Zusmanovich M. Kester B.S. Schwarzkopf R.

Postoperative Complications of Total Joint Arthroplasty in Obese Patients Stratified by BMI.

J Arthroplasty. 33: 856-864Wagner E.R. Kamath A.F. Fruth K.M. et al.

Effect of Body Mass Index on Complications and Reoperations After Total Hip Arthroplasty.

J Bone Joint Surg Am. 98: 169-179Estes C.S. Schmidt K.J. McLemore R. et al.

Effect of body mass index on limb alignment after total knee arthroplasty.

J Arthroplasty. 28: 101-105Watts C.D. Wagner E.R. Houdek M.T. et al.

Morbid Obesity: Increased Risk of Failure After Aseptic Revision TKA.

Clin Orthop Relat Res. 473: 2621-2627Collins J.E. Donnell-Fink L.A. Yang H.Y. et al.

Effect of Obesity on Pain and Functional Recovery Following Total Knee Arthroplasty.

J Bone Joint Surg Am. 99: 1812-1818Deakin A.H. Iyayi-Igbinovia A. Love G.J.

A comparison of outcomes in morbidly obese, obese and non-obese patients undergoing primary total knee and total hip arthroplasty.

Surgeon. 16: 40-45Järvenpää J. Kettunen J. Soininvaara T. et al.

Obesity has a negative impact on clinical outcome after total knee arthroplasty.

Scand J Surg. 101: 198-203Workgroup of the American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons Evidence Based Committee

Obesity and total joint arthroplasty: a literature based review.

J Arthroplasty. 28: 714-721Ricciardi B.F. Giori N.J. Fehring T.K.

Clinical Faceoff: Should Orthopaedic Surgeons Have Strict BMI Cutoffs for Performing Primary TKA and THA?.

Clin Orthop Relat Res. 477: 2629-2634Wang A.Y. Wong M.S. Humbyrd C.J.

Eligibility criteria for lower extremity joint replacement may worsen racial and socioeconomic disparities.

Clin Orthop Relat Res. 476: 2301-2308Giori N.J. Amanatullah D.F. Gupta S. et al.

Risk Reduction Compared with Access to Care: Quantifying the Trade-Off of Enforcing a Body Mass Index Eligibility Criterion for Joint Replacement.

J Bone Joint Surg Am. 100: 539-545Courtney P.M. Rozell J.C. Melnic C.M. et al.

Who Should Not Undergo Short Stay Hip and Knee Arthroplasty? Risk Factors Associated With Major Medical Complications Following Primary Total Joint Arthroplasty.

J Arthroplasty. 30: 1-4Belmont Jr., P.J. Goodman G.P. Waterman B.R. et al.

Thirty-day postoperative complications and mortality following total knee arthroplasty: Incidence and risk factors among a national sample of 15,321 patients.

J Bone Joint Surg Am. 96: 20-26Abramowitz M.K. Hall C.B. Amodu A. et al.

Muscle mass, BMI, and mortality among adults in the United States: A population-based cohort study.

PLoS One. 13: e0194697Wagner R.A. Hogan S.P. Burge J.R. et al.

The radiographic prepatellar fat thickness ratio correlates with infection risk after total knee arthroplasty.

J Arthroplasty. 33: 2251-2255Watts C.D. Houdek M.T. Wagner E.R. et al.

Subcutaneous fat thickness is associated with early reoperation and infection after total knee arthroplasty in morbidly obese patients.

J Arthroplasty. 31: 1788-1791Yu S. Siow M. Odeh K. et al.

Periarticular soft tissue envelope size and postoperative wound complications following total knee arthroplasty.

J Arthroplasty. 33: S249-S252Bilimoria K.Y. Liu Y. Paruch J.L. et al.

Development and evaluation of the universal ACS NSQIP surgical risk calculator: A decision aid and informed consent tool for patients and surgeons.

J Am Coll Surg. 217: 833-842Bozic K.J. Ong K. Lau E. et al.

Estimating risk in Medicare patients with THA: An electronic risk calculator for periprosthetic joint infection and mortality.

Clin Orthop Relat Res. 471: 574-583Harris A.H.S. Kuo A.C. Weng Y. et al.

Can machine learning methods produce accurate and easy-to-use prediction models of 30-day complications and mortality after knee or hip arthroplasty?.

Clin Orthop Relat Res. 477: 452-460Unick J.L. Beavers D. Bond D.S. et al.Look AHEAD Research Group

The long-term effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention in severely obese individuals.

Am J Med. 126: 236-242Springer B.D. Roberts K.M. Bossi K.L. et al.

What are the implications of withholding total joint arthroplasty in the morbidly obese? A prospective, observational study.

Bone Joint Lett J. 101B: 28-32Parvizi J. Trousdale R.T. Sarr M.G.

Total joint arthroplasty in patients surgically treated for morbid obesity.

J Arthroplasty. 15: 1003-1008Buchwald H. Avidor Y. Braunwald E. et al.

Bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

JAMA. 292 (): 1724-1737Dowsey M.M. Brown W.A. Cochrane A. et al.

Effect of Bariatric Surgery on Risk of Complications After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

JAMA Netw Open. 5: e226722Abu-Abeid S. Wishnitzer N. Szold A. et al.

The influence of surgically-induced weight loss on the knee joint.

Obes Surg. 15: 1437-1442Hooper M.M. Stellato T.A. Hallowell P.T. et al.

Musculoskeletal findings in obese subjects before and after weight loss following bariatric surgery.

Int J Obes. 31: 114-120Chen S.X. Bomfim F.A. Youn H.A. et al.

Predictors of the effect of bariatric surgery on knee osteoarthritis pain.

Semin Arthritis Rheum. 48: 162-167Hacken B. Rogers A. Chinchilli V. et al.

Improvement in knee osteoarthritis pain and function following bariatric surgery: 5-year follow-up.

Surg Obes Relat Dis. 15: 979-984Kulkarni A. Jameson S.S. James P. et al.

Does bariatric surgery prior to lower limb joint replacement reduce complications?.

Surgeon. 9: 18-21Werner B.C. Kurkis G.M. Gwathmey F.W. et al.

Bariatric Surgery Prior to Total Knee Arthroplasty is Associated With Fewer Postoperative Complications.

J Arthroplasty. 30: 81-85McLawhorn A.S. Levack A.E. Lee Y.Y. et al.

Bariatric Surgery Improves Outcomes After Lower Extremity Arthroplasty in the Morbidly Obese: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis of a New York Statewide Database.

J Arthroplasty. 33: 2062-2069.e4Arterburn D. Wellman R. Emiliano A. et al.PCORnet Bariatric Study Collaborative

Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Bariatric Procedures for Weight Loss: A PCORnet Cohort Study.

Ann Intern Med. 169: 741-750Estimate of bariatric surgery numbers, 2011-2020. American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, ()Inacio M.C. Paxton E.W. Fisher D. et al.

Bariatric surgery prior to total joint arthroplasty may not provide dramatic improvements in post-arthroplasty surgical outcomes.

J Arthroplasty. 29: 1359Li S. Luo X. Sun H. et al.

Does Prior Bariatric Surgery Improve Outcomes Following Total Joint Arthroplasty in the Morbidly Obese? A Meta-Analysis.

J Arthroplasty. 34: 577-585Gu A. Cohen J.S. Malahias M.-A. et al.

The Effect of Bariatric Surgery Prior to Lower-Extremity Total Joint Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review.

HSS J. 15: 190-200Lee G.C. Ong K. Baykal D. et al.

Does Prior Bariatric Surgery Affect Implant Survivorship and Complications Following Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty/Total Knee Arthroplasty?.

J Arthroplasty. 33: 2070-2074.e1Meller M.M. Goodman S. Gonzalez Mark H.

Does Bariatric Surgery Normalize Risks After Total Knee Arthroplasty?.

Administrative Medicare Data, JAAOS: Global Research and Reviews. 3: e1900102Schwarzkopf R. Lavery J.A. Hooper J. et al.

Bariatric Surgery and Time to Total Joint Arthroplasty: Does It Affect Readmission and Complication Rates?.

Obes Surg. 28: 1395-1401Sax O.C. Chen Z. Bains S.S. et al.

Timing and Type of Bariatric Surgery Preceding Total Knee Arthroplasty Leads to Similar Complications and Outcomes.

J Arthroplasty. 37: S842-S848Shapiro J.A. Narayanan A.S. Taylor P.R. et al.

Fate of the Morbidly Obese Patient Who Is Denied Total Joint Arthroplasty.

J Arthroplasty. 35: S124-S128