The Promise of Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Therapies for Renal Cancer

Shapiro D.M. Fugmann R.A.

A role for chemotherapy as an adjunct to surgery.

Cancer Res. 17: 1098-1101Bonadonna G. Rossi A. Valagussa P. et al.

The CMF program for operable breast cancer with positive axillary nodes. Updated analysis on the disease-free interval, site of relapse and drug tolerance.

Cancer. 39: 2904-2915Ljungberg B. Albiges L. Abu-Ghanem Y. et al.

European Association of Urology Guidelines on Renal Cell Carcinoma: The 2022 Update.

Eur Urol. 82: 399-410Campbell S.C. Clark P.E. Chang S.S. et al.

Renal Mass and Localized Renal Cancer: Evaluation, Management, and Follow-Up: AUA Guideline: Part I.

J Urol. 206: 199-208Siegel R.L. Miller K.D. Fuchs H.E. et al.

Cancer statistics, 2022.

CA Cancer J Clin. 72: 7-33Van Poppel H. Da Pozzo L. Albrecht W. et al.

A prospective, randomised EORTC intergroup phase 3 study comparing the oncologic outcome of elective nephron-sparing surgery and radical nephrectomy for low-stage renal cell carcinoma.

Eur Urol. 59: 543-552Janzen N.K. Kim H.L. Figlin R.A. et al.

Surveillance after radical or partial nephrectomy for localized renal cell carcinoma and management of recurrent disease.

Urol Clin North Am. 30: 843-852Lam J.S. Leppert J.T. Belldegrun A.S. et al.

Novel approaches in the therapy of metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

World J Urol. 23: 202-212Rini B.I. Plimack E.R. Takagi T. et al.

A Phase II Study of Pazopanib in Patients with Localized Renal Cell Carcinoma to Optimize Preservation of Renal Parenchyma.

J Urol. 194: 297-303Hatiboglu G. Hohenfellner M. Arslan A. et al.

Effective downsizing but enhanced intratumoral heterogeneity following neoadjuvant sorafenib in patients with non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

Langenbeck's Arch Surg. 402: 637-644Karam J.A. Devine C.E. Urbauer D.L. et al.

Phase 2 trial of neoadjuvant axitinib in patients with locally advanced nonmetastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

Eur Urol. 66: 874-880Hellenthal N.J. Underwood W. Penetrante R. et al.

Prospective clinical trial of preoperative sunitinib in patients with renal cell carcinoma.

J Urol. 184: 859-864Cowey C.L. Amin C. Pruthi R.S. et al.

Neoadjuvant clinical trial with sorafenib for patients with stage II or higher renal cell carcinoma.

J Clin Oncol. 28: 1502-1507van der Veldt A.A.M. Meijerink M.R. van den Eertwegh A.J.M. et al.

Sunitinib for Treatment of Advanced Renal Cell Cancer: Primary Tumor Response.

Clin Cancer Res. 14: 2431-2436Rini B.I. Garcia J. Elson P. et al.

The effect of sunitinib on primary renal cell carcinoma and facilitation of subsequent surgery.

J Urol. 187: 1548-1554Nishimura K. Miura N. Sugihara N. et al.

Sequential immune-targeted surgical therapy resulted in disease-free survival in a case with advanced renal cell carcinoma.

BMC Urol. 21: 124Hess K.J. Bascoy S. Vadher U. et al.

Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy in the Treatment of Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Case Series.

Cureus. 14: e27019Roy A.M. Briggler A. Tippit D. et al.

Neoadjuvant Cabozantinib in Renal-Cell Carcinoma: A Brief Review.

Clin Genitourin Cancer. 18: e688-e691Lebacle C. Bensalah K. Bernhard J.-C. et al.

Evaluation of axitinib to downstage cT2a renal tumours and allow partial nephrectomy: a phase II study.

BJU Int. 123: 804-810Bex A. Abu-Ghanem Y. Thienen J.V.V. et al.

Efficacy, safety, and biomarker analysis of neoadjuvant avelumab/axitinib in patients (pts) with localized renal cell carcinoma (RCC) who are at high risk of relapse after nephrectomy (NeoAvAx).

J Clin Oncol. 40: 289Rini B.I. Plimack E.R. Stus V. et al.

Pembrolizumab plus Axitinib versus Sunitinib for Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma.

N Engl J Med. 380: 1116-1127

Phase III randomized study comparing perioperative nivolumab (nivo) versus observation in patients (Pts) with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) undergoing | OncologyPRO.

() ()Field C.A. Cotta B.H. Jimenez J. et al.

Neoadjuvant Sunitinib Decreases Inferior Vena Caval Thrombus Size and Is Associated With Improved Oncologic Outcomes: A Multicenter Comparative Analysis.

Clin Genitourin Cancer. 17: e505-e512Labbate C. Hatogai K. Werntz R. et al.

Complete response of renal cell carcinoma vena cava tumor thrombus to neoadjuvant immunotherapy.

Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer. 7: 66Stewart G.D. Welsh S.J. Ursprung S. et al.

A Phase II study of neoadjuvant axitinib for reducing the extent of venous tumour thrombus in clear cell renal cell cancer with venous invasion (NAXIVA).

Br J Cancer. 127: 1051-1060Freifeld Y. Pedrosa I. McLaughlin M. et al.

Stereotactic ablative radiation therapy for renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus.

Urol Oncol. 40 (): 166Margulis V. Freifeld Y. Pop L.M. et al.

Neoadjuvant SABR for Renal Cell Carcinoma Inferior Vena Cava Tumor Thrombus-Safety Lead-in Results of a Phase 2 Trial.

Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 110: 1135-1142

Margulis V. Safety and Efficacy of Neoadjuvant Lenvatinib and Pembrolizumab in Patients With Renal Cell Carcinoma and IVC Tumor Thrombus 2022/06/28 2022. NCT05319015.

Levy D.A. Slaton J.W. Swanson D.A. et al.

Stage specific guidelines for surveillance after radical nephrectomy for local renal cell carcinoma.

J Urol. 159: 1163-1167Janowitz T. Welsh S.J. Zaki K. et al.

Adjuvant Therapy in Renal Cell Carcinoma—Past, Present, and Future.

Semin Oncol. 40: 482-491

Interleukin-2 in Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Has-Been or a Still-Viable Option?.

J Kidney Cancer VHL. 1: 74-83Fisher R.I. Rosenberg S.A. Fyfe G.

Long-term survival update for high-dose recombinant interleukin-2 in patients with renal cell carcinoma.

Cancer J Sci Am. 6: S55-S57Porzsolt F on behalf of the Delta-P Study Group

Adjuvant therapy of renal cell cancer (RCC) with interferon alfa-2A.

Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 11 : 202Trump D. Elson P. Propert K. et al.

Randomized controlled trial of adjuvant therapy with lymphoblastoid interferon (L-IFN) in resected, high-risk renal cell carcinoma (HR-RCC.

Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 15 : 253Pizzocaro G. Piva L. Colavita M. et al.

Interferon adjuvant to radical nephrectomy in Robson stages II and III renal cell carcinoma: a multicentric randomized study.

J Clin Oncol. 19: 425-431Messing E.M. Manola J. Wilding G. et al.

Phase III study of interferon alfa-NL as adjuvant treatment for resectable renal cell carcinoma: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group/Intergroup trial.

J Clin Oncol. 21: 1214-1222Atzpodien J. Schmitt E. Gertenbach U. et al.

Adjuvant treatment with interleukin-2- and interferon-alpha2a-based chemoimmunotherapy in renal cell carcinoma post tumour nephrectomy: results of a prospectively randomised trial of the German Cooperative Renal Carcinoma Chemoimmunotherapy Group (DGCIN).

Br J Cancer. 92: 843-846Clark J.I. Atkins M.B. Urba W.J. et al.

Adjuvant high-dose bolus interleukin-2 for patients with high-risk renal cell carcinoma: a cytokine working group randomized trial.

J Clin Oncol. 21: 3133-3140Aitchison M. Bray C.A. Van Poppel H. et al.

Adjuvant 5-flurouracil, alpha-interferon and interleukin-2 versus observation in patients at high risk of recurrence after nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma: results of a phase III randomised European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (Genito-Urinary Cancers Group)/National Cancer Research Institute trial.

Eur J Cancer. 50: 70-77Pizzocaro G. Piva L. Di Fronzo G. et al.

Adjuvant medroxyprogesterone acetate to radical nephrectomy in renal cancer: 5-year results of a prospective randomized study.

J Urol. 138: 1379-1381Karr J.P. Pontes J.E. Schneider S. et al.

Clinical aspects of steroid hormone receptors in human renal cell carcinoma.

J Surg Oncol. 23: 117-124Daste A. Grellety T. Gross-Goupil M. et al.

Protein kinase inhibitors in renal cell carcinoma.

Expert Opin Pharmacother. 15: 337-351Haas N.B. Manola J. Dutcher J.P. et al.

Adjuvant Treatment for High-Risk Clear Cell Renal Cancer: Updated Results of a High-Risk Subset of the ASSURE Randomized Trial.

JAMA Oncol. 3: 1249-1252Ravaud A. Motzer R.J. Pandha H.S. et al.

Adjuvant Sunitinib in High-Risk Renal-Cell Carcinoma after Nephrectomy.

N Engl J Med. 375: 2246-2254Food and Drug Administration

FDA approves sunitinib malate for adjuvant treatment of renal cell carcinoma.

()Motzer R.J. Ravaud A. Patard J.J. et al.

Adjuvant Sunitinib for High-risk Renal Cell Carcinoma After Nephrectomy: Subgroup Analyses and Updated Overall Survival Results.

Eur Urol. 73: 62-68Motzer R.J. Russo P. Haas N. et al.

Adjuvant Pazopanib Versus Placebo After Nephrectomy in Patients With Localized or Locally Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma: Final Overall Survival Analysis of the Phase 3 PROTECT Trial.

Eur Urol. 79: 334-338Gross-Goupil M. Kwon T.G. Eto M. et al.

Axitinib versus placebo as an adjuvant treatment of renal cell carcinoma: results from the phase III, randomized ATLAS trial.

Ann Oncol. 29: 2371-2378Eisen T. Frangou E. Oza B. et al.

Adjuvant Sorafenib for Renal Cell Carcinoma at Intermediate or High Risk of Relapse: Results From the SORCE Randomized Phase III Intergroup Trial.

J Clin Oncol. 38: 4064-4075Choueiri T.K. Motzer R.J.

Systemic Therapy for Metastatic Renal-Cell Carcinoma.

N Engl J Med. 376: 354-366Choueiri T.K. Tomczak P. Park S.H. et al.

Adjuvant Pembrolizumab after Nephrectomy in Renal-Cell Carcinoma.

N Engl J Med. 385: 683-694Powles T. Tomczak P. Park S.H. et al.

Pembrolizumab versus placebo as post-nephrectomy adjuvant therapy for clear cell renal cell carcinoma (KEYNOTE-564): 30-month follow-up analysis of a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.

Lancet Oncol. 23: 1133-1144Pal S.K. Uzzo R. Karam J.A. et al.

Adjuvant atezolizumab versus placebo for patients with renal cell carcinoma at increased risk of recurrence following resection (IMmotion010): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial.

Lancet. 400: 1103-1116Bedke J. Albiges L. Capitanio U. et al.

The 2022 Updated European Association of Urology Guidelines on the Use of Adjuvant Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Eur Urol. 83: 10-14Motzer R.J. McDermott D.F. Escudier B. et al.

Conditional survival and long-term efficacy with nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus sunitinib in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma.

Cancer. 128: 2085-2097Zisman A. Pantuck A.J. Dorey F. et al.

Improved prognostication of renal cell carcinoma using an integrated staging system.

J Clin Oncol. 19: 1649-1657Patard J.J. Kim H.L. Lam J.S. et al.

Use of the University of California Los Angeles integrated staging system to predict survival in renal cell carcinoma: an international multicenter study.

J Clin Oncol. 22: 3316-3322Leibovich B.C. Blute M.L. Cheville J.C. et al.

Prediction of progression after radical nephrectomy for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a stratification tool for prospective clinical trials.

Cancer. 97: 1663-1671Frank I. Blute M.L. Cheville J.C. et al.

An outcome prediction model for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma treated with radical nephrectomy based on tumor stage, size, grade and necrosis: the SSIGN score.

J Urol. 168: 2395-2400Palumbo C. Mazzone E. Mistretta F.A. et al.

A Plea for Optimizing Selection in Current Adjuvant Immunotherapy Trials for High-risk Nonmetastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma According to Expected Cancer-specific Mortality.

Clin Genitourin Cancer. 18: 314-321 e311Marconi L. Sun M. Beisland C. et al.

Prevalence, Disease-free, and Overall Survival of Contemporary Patients With Renal Cell Carcinoma Eligible for Adjuvant Checkpoint Inhibitor Trials.

Clin Genitourin Cancer. 19: e92-e99Brooks S.A. Brannon A.R. Parker J.S. et al.

ClearCode34: A prognostic risk predictor for localized clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

Eur Urol. 66: 77-84Haake S.M. Brooks S.A. Welsh E. et al.

Patients with ClearCode34-identified molecular subtypes of clear cell renal cell carcinoma represent unique populations with distinct comorbidities.

Urol Oncol. 34: 122 e121-e127Rini B. Goddard A. Knezevic D. et al.

A 16-gene assay to predict recurrence after surgery in localised renal cell carcinoma: development and validation studies.

Lancet Oncol. 16: 676-685Rini B.I. Escudier B. Martini J.F. et al.

Validation of the 16-Gene Recurrence Score in Patients with Locoregional, High-Risk Renal Cell Carcinoma from a Phase III Trial of Adjuvant Sunitinib.

Clin Cancer Res. 24: 4407-4415Geertsen L. Koldby K.M. Thomassen M. et al.

Circulating Tumor DNA in Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma. A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Eur Urol Open Sci. 37: 27-35de Velasco G. Carril-Ajuria L. Guerrero-Ramos F. et al.

A case series of advanced renal cell carcinoma patients treated with neoadjuvant cabozantinib prior to cytoreductive nephrectomy within the phase 2 CABOPRE trial.

Oncotarget. 11: 4457-4462Zhang Y. Li Y. Deng J. et al.

Sorafenib neoadjuvant therapy in the treatment of high risk renal cell carcinoma.

PLoS One. 10: e0115896Thomas A.A. Rini B.I. Lane B.R. et al.

Response of the primary tumor to neoadjuvant sunitinib in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma.

J Urol. 181 (): 518-523Bex A. van der Veldt A.A. Blank C. et al.

Neoadjuvant sunitinib for surgically complex advanced renal cell cancer of doubtful resectability: initial experience with downsizing to reconsider cytoreductive surgery.

World J Urol. 27: 533-539Silberstein J.L. Millard F. Mehrazin R. et al.

Feasibility and efficacy of neoadjuvant sunitinib before nephron-sparing surgery.

BJU Int. 106: 1270-1276Kroon B.K. de Bruijn R. Prevoo W. et al.

Probability of downsizing primary tumors of renal cell carcinoma by targeted therapies is related to size at presentation.

Urology. 81: 111-115Lane B.R. Derweesh I.H. Kim H.L. et al.

Presurgical sunitinib reduces tumor size and may facilitate partial nephrectomy in patients with renal cell carcinoma.

Urol Oncol. 33: 112 e115-e121Kutikov A. Uzzo R.G. The R.E.N.A.L.

Nephrometry score: a comprehensive standardized system for quantitating renal tumor size, location and depth.

J Urol. 182: 844-853Ryan C.W. Tangen C. Heath E.I. et al.

EVEREST: Everolimus for renal cancer ensuing surgical therapy—A phase III study (SWOG S0931, NCT01120249).

J Clin Oncol. 40: LBA4500

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