George Washington’s Final Years - And Sudden, Agonizing Death. History.

(Available at:) (Accessed March 22, 2022)

Death of a President.

N Engl J Med. 2008; 341: 1845-1850

Lesson 1: Introduction to Epidemiology. CDC.

(Available at:) (Accessed March 22, 2022)

The environment and disease: association or causation?.

Proc R Soc Med. 1965; 58: 295-300

Sir Austin Bradford Hill and the progress of medical science.

BMJ Br Med J. 1992; 305: 1521

Causes.

Am J Epidemiol. 1976; 104: 587-592

Benjamin Rush, MD: assassin or beloved healer?.

Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2000; 13: 45

Evaluating the quality of medical care.

Milbank Q. 2005; 83: 691-729Santry H.P. Strassels S.A. Ingraham A.M. et al.

Identifying the fundamental structures and processes of care contributing to emergency general surgery quality using a mixed-methods Donabedian approach.

BMC Med Res Methodol. 2020; 20: 1-19

Quality care in surgery.

Arch Surg. 2002; 137: 13-14

Quality control in outpatient surgery: what data are useful?.

Ambul Surg. 1998; 6: 21-23Copeland G.P. Jones D. Walters M.

POSSUM: a scoring system for surgical audit.

Br J Surg. 1991; 78: 355-360Khuri S.F. Daley J. Henderson W. et al.

Risk adjustment of the postoperative mortality rate for the comparative assessment of the quality of surgical care: results of the National Veterans Affairs Surgical Risk Study.

J Am Coll Surg. 1997; 185: 315-327Khuri S.F. Daley J. Henderson W.G.

The comparative assessment and improvement of quality of surgical care in the department of veterans affairs.

Arch Surg. 2002; 137: 20-27

History of ACS NSQIP. American College of Surgeons.

(Available at:) (Accessed March 25, 2022)

What metrics accurately reflect surgical quality?.

Annu Rev Med. 2018; 69: 481-491Ibrahim A.M. Hughes T.G. Thumma J.R. et al.

Association of hospital critical access status with surgical outcomes and expenditures among medicare beneficiaries.

JAMA. 2016; 315: 2095-2103Birkmeyer J.D. Stukel T.A. Siewers A.E. et al.

Surgeon volume and operative mortality in the United States.

N Engl J Med. 2003; 349: 2117-2127Birkmeyer J.D. Siewers A.E. Finlayson E.V.A. et al.

Hospital volume and surgical mortality in the United States.

N Engl J Med. 2002; 346: 1128-1137Birkmeyer J.D. Finks J.F. O’Reilly A. et al.

Surgical skill and complication rates after bariatric surgery.

N Engl J Med. 2013; 369: 1434-1442Habuchi T. Terachi T. Mimata H. et al.

Evaluation of 2,590 urological laparoscopic surgeries undertaken by urological surgeons accredited by an endoscopic surgical skill qualification system in urological laparoscopy in Japan.

Surg Endosc. 2012; 26: 1656-1663Tanigawa N. Lee S.W. Kimura T. et al.

The endoscopic surgical skill qualification system for gastric surgery in Japan.

Asian J Endosc Surg. 2011; 4: 112-115Pannucci C.J. Wilkins E.G.

Identifying and avoiding bias in research.

Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010; 126: 619Schlesselman J.J. Stolley P.D.

Case-control studies : design, conduct, analysis.

Oxford University Press, New York1982Shortreed S.M. Cook A.J. Coley R.Y. et al.

Challenges and opportunities for using big health care data to advance medical science and public health.

Am J Epidemiol. 2019; 188: 851-861Casey J.A. Schwartz B.S. Stewart W.F. et al.

Using electronic health records for population health research: a review of methods and applications.

Annu Rev Public Health. 2016; 37: 61-81

Using big data to emulate a target trial when a randomized trial is not available.

Am J Epidemiol. 2016; 183: 758-764Mansournia M.A. Jewell N.P. Greenland S. et al.

Case-control matching: effects, misconceptions, and recommendations.

Eur J Epidemiol. 2018; 33: 5-14

Cross-sectional studies: strengths, weaknesses, and recommendations.

Chest. 2020; 158: S65-S71

An overview of clinical research: the lay of the land.

Lancet (London, England). 2002; 359: 57-61

Causal directed acyclic graphs.

JAMA. 2022; 327: 1083-1084

Statistical paradises and paradoxes in big data (I): law of large populations, big data paradox, and the 2016 US presidential election.

Ann Appl Stat. 2018; 12: 685-726Bradley V.C. Kuriwaki S. Isakov M. et al.

Unrepresentative big surveys significantly overestimated US vaccine uptake.

Nature. 2021; 600: 695-700Greenland S. Senn S.J. Rothman K.J. et al.

Statistical tests, P values, confidence intervals, and power: a guide to misinterpretations.

Eur J Epidemiol. 2016; 31: 337

The abuse of power.

Am Stat. 2012; 55: 19-24

How scientists fool themselves - and how they can stop.

Nature. 2015; 526: 182-185