Romanowski K.S. Carson J. Pape K. et al.

American Burn Association guidelines on the management of acute pain in the adult burn patient: a review of the literature, a compilation of expert opinion, and next steps.

J Burn Care Res. 41: 1129-1151

The burn specific pain anxiety scale: introduction of a reliable and valid measure.

Burns. 23: 147-150Kim D.E. Pruskowski K.A. Ainsworth C.R. et al.

A review of adjunctive therapies for burn injury pain during the opioid crisis.

J Burn Care Res. 40: 983-995Dolophine [package insert]. West-Ward Pharmaceuticals Corp. Eatontown, NJJones G.M. Porter K. Coffey R. et al.

Impact of early methadone initiation in critically injured burn patients: a pilot study.

J Burn Care Res. 34: 342-348Meyer 3rd, W.J. Nichols R.J. Cortiella J. et al.

Acetaminophen in the management of background pain in children post-burn.

J Pain Symptom Manage. 13: 50-55Memis D. Inal M.T. Kavalci G. et al.

Intravenous paracetamol reduced the use of opioids, extubation time, and opioid-related adverse effects after major surgery in intensive care unit.

J Crit Care. 25: 458-462Pettersson P.H. Jakobsson J. Owall A.

Intravenous acetaminophen reduced the use of opioids compared with oral administration after coronary artery bypass grafting.

J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 19: 306-309Jelacic S. Bollag L. Bowdle A. et al.

Intravenous acetaminophen as an adjunct analgesic in cardiac surgery reduces opioid consumption but not opioid-related adverse effects: a randomized controlled trial.

J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 30: 997-1004Jibril F. Sharaby S. Mohamed A. et al.

Intravenous versus oral acetaminophen for pain: systematic review of current evidence to support clinical decision-making.

Can J Hosp Pharm. 68: 238-247Gray P. Williams B. Cramond T.

Successful use of gabapentin in acute pain management following burn injury: a case series.

Pain Med. 9: 371-376Wibbenmeyer L. Eid A. Liao J. et al.

Gabapentin is ineffective as an analgesic adjunct in the immediate postburn period.

J Burn Care Res. 35: 136-142Gray P. Kirby J. Smith M.T. et al.

Pregabalin in severe burn injury pain: a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial.

Pain. 152: 1279-1288Asmussen S. Maybauer D.M. Fraser J.F. et al.

A meta-analysis of analgesic and sedative effects of dexmedetomidine in burn patients.

Burns. 39: 625-631Kundra P. Velayudhan S. Krishnamachari S. et al.

Oral ketamine and dexmedetomidine in adults' burns wound dressing--A randomized double blind cross over study.

Burns. 39: 1150-1156Wasiak J. Mahar P. McGuinness S.K. et al.

Intravenous lidocaine for the treatment of background or procedural burn pain.

Cochrane Database Syst Rev. : Cd005622Sheckter C.C. Stewart B.T. Barnes C. et al.

Techniques and strategies for regional anesthesia in acute burn care-a narrative review.

Burns Trauma. 9: tkab015Bittner E.A. Shank E. Woodson L. et al.

Acute and perioperative care of the burn-injured patient.

Anesthesiology. 122: 448-464Grunzweig K.A. Son J. Kumar A.R.

Regional anesthetic blocks for donor site pain in burn patients: a meta-analysis on efficacy, outcomes, and cost.

Plast Surg (Oakv). 28: 222-231Jaber S. Chanques G. Altairac C. et al.

A prospective study of agitation in a medical-surgical ICU: incidence, risk factors, and outcomes.

Chest. 128: 2749-2757Fraser G.L. Prato B.S. Riker R.R. et al.

Frequency, severity, and treatment of agitation in young versus elderly patients in the ICU.

Pharmacotherapy. 20: 75-82Heim M. Draheim R. Krupp A. et al.

Evaluation of a multidisciplinary pain, agitation, and delirium guideline in mechanically ventilated critically ill adults.

Hosp Pharm. 54: 119-124Almeida T.M. Azevedo L.C. Nosé P.M. et al.

Risk factors for agitation in critically ill patients.

Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 28: 413-419

Obed D, Schroeter A, Gruber L, et al. Outcomes following burn injury in intensive care patients with major psychiatric disorders. Burns. Epub 20220630.

Devlin J.W. Skrobik Y. Gélinas C. et al.

Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of pain, agitation/sedation, delirium, immobility, and sleep disruption in adult patients in the ICU.

Crit Care Med. 46: e825-e873

Post-traumatic stress, pain and anxiety in adult burn victims.

Burns. 23: 545-549Sessler C.N. Gosnell M.S. Grap M.J. et al.

the richmond agitation-sedation scale: validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients.

Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 166: 1338-1344Cui N. Yan X. Zhang Y. et al.

Non-Pharmacological interventions for minimizing physical restraints use in intensive care units: An umbrella review.

Front Med. 9: 806945Kollef M.H. Levy N.T. Ahrens T.S. et al.

The use of continuous i.v. sedation is associated with prolongation of mechanical ventilation.

Chest. 114: 541-548Shehabi Y. Bellomo R. Reade M.C. Bailey M. Bass F. Howe B. et al.

Early intensive care sedation predicts long-term mortality in ventilated critically ill patients.

Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 186: 724-731Shehabi Y. Bellomo R. Reade M.C. Bailey M. Bass F. Howe B. et al.

Early goal-directed sedation versus standard sedation in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: a pilot study.

Crit Care Med. 41: 1983-1991Mehta S. Burry L. Cook D. Fergusson D. Steinberg M. Granton J. et al.

Daily sedation interruption in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients cared for with a sedation protocol: a randomized controlled trial.

JAMA. 308: 1985-1992Zhou Y. Jin X. Kang Y. Liang G. Liu T. Deng N. et al.

Midazolam and propofol used alone or sequentially for long-term sedation in critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients: a prospective, randomized study.

Crit Care. 18: R122Riker R.R. Shehabi Y. Bokesch P.M. Ceraso D. Wisemandle W. Koura F. et al.

Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam for sedation of critically ill patients: a randomized trial.

JAMA. 301: 489-499Weinberg J.A. Magnotti L.J. Fischer P.E. Edwards N.M. Schroeppel T. Fabian T.C. et al.

Comparison of intravenous ethanol versus diazepam for alcohol withdrawal prophylaxis in the trauma ICU: results of a randomized trial.

J Trauma. 64: 99-104Depetris N. Raineri S. Pantet O. Lavrentieva A. et al.

Management of pain, anxiety, agitation and delirium in burn patients: a survey of clinical practice and a review of the current literature.

Ann Burns Fire Disasters. 31: 97-108Lavrentieva A. Depetris N. Rodini I.

Analgesia, sedation and arousal status in burn patients: the gap between recommendations and current practices.

Ann Burns Fire Disasters. 30: 135-142Srivastava V.K. Agrawal S. Kumar S. Mishra A. Sharma S. Kumar R. et al.

Comparison of dexmedetomidine, propofol and midazolam for short-term sedation in postoperatively mechanically ventilated neurosurgical patients.

J Clin Diagn Res. 8: Gc04-Gc7Hall R.I. Sandham D. Cardinal P. Tweeddale M. Moher D. Wang X. et al.

Propofol vs midazolam for ICU sedation : a Canadian multicenter randomized trial.

Chest. 119: 1151-1159Enomoto Y. Iwagami M. Tsuchiya A. Morita K. Abe T. Kido T. et al.

Dexmedetomidine use and mortality in mechanically ventilated patients with severe burns: A cohort study using a national inpatient database in Japan.

Burns. 47: 1502-1510Pruskowski K.A. Harbourt K. Pajoumand M. Chui S.J. Reynolds H.N. et al.

Impact of ketamine use on adjunctive analgesic and sedative bedications in critically ill trauma patients.

Pharmacotherapy. 37: 1537-1544Groetzinger L.M. Rivosecchi R.M. Bain W. Bahr M. Chin K. McVerry B.J. et al.

Ketamine infusion for adjunct sedation in mechanically ventilated adults.

Pharmacotherapy. 38: 181-188Garber P.M. Droege C.A. Carter K.E. Harger N.J. Mueller E.W. et al.

Continuous Infusion Ketamine for adjunctive analgosedation in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients.

Pharmacotherapy. 39: 288-296Crowley K.E. Urben L. Hacobian G. Geiger K.L. et al.

Valproic acid for the management of agitation and delirium in the intensive care setting: a retrospective analysis.

Clin Ther. 42: e65-e73Gagnon D.J. Fontaine G.V. Smith K.E. Riker R.R. Miller 3rd, R.R. Lerwick P.A. et al.

Valproate for agitation in critically ill patients: a retrospective study.

J Crit Care. 37: 119-125Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). American Psychiatric Pub, Arlington, VAAgarwal V. O'Neill P.J. Cotton B.A. Pun B.T. Haney S. Thompson J. et al.

Prevalence and risk factors for development of delirium in burn intensive care unit patients.

J Burn Care Res. 31: 706-715Stanley G.H.M. Barber A.R.J. O'Brien A.M. Hamill C. Boardman G. Frear C.C. et al.

Delirium in hospitalised adults with acute burns - A systematic review.

Burns. 48: 1040-1054Marra A. Ely E.W. Pandharipande P.P. Patel M.B. et al.

The ABCDEF bundle in critical care.

Crit Care Clin. 33: 225-243Girard T.D. Pandharipande P.P. Carson S.S. Schmidt G.A. Wright P.E. Canonico A.E. et al.

Feasibility, efficacy, and safety of antipsychotics for intensive care unit delirium: The MIND randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

Crit Care Med. 38: 428-437Page V.J. Ely E.W. Gates S. Zhao X.B. Alce T. Shintani A. et al.

Effect of intravenous haloperidol on the duration of delirium and coma in critically ill patients (Hope-ICU): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Lancet Respir Med. 1: 515-523Devlin J.W. Roberts R.J. Fong J.J. Skrobik Y. Riker R.R. Hill N.S. et al.

Efficacy and safety of quetiapine in critically ill patients with delirium: a prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study.

Crit Care Med. 38: 419-427Holmes E.G. Jones S.W. Laughon S.L.

A retrospective analysis of neurocognitive impairment in older patients with burn injuries.

Psychosomatics. 58: 386-394Wolters A.E. van Dijk D. Pasma W. Cremer O.L. Looije M.F. de Lange D.W. et al.

Long-term outcome of delirium during intensive care unit stay in survivors of critical illness: a prospective cohort study.

Crit Care. 18: R125