Clinical MedicineAIDS/HIV Open Access | 10.1172/JCI165245

Jennifer A. White,1 Fengting Wu,1 Saif Yasin,2 Milica Moskovljevic,1 Joseph Varriale,1 Filippo Dragoni,1 Angelica Camilo-Contreras,1 Jiayi Duan,1 Mei Y. Zheng,2 Ndeh F. Tadzong,2 Heer B. Patel,2 Jeanelle Mae C. Quiambao,2 Kyle Rhodehouse,1 Hao Zhang,3 Jun Lai,1 Subul A. Beg,1 Michael Delannoy,4 Christin Kilcrease,1 Christopher J. Hoffmann,1 Sébastien Poulin,5 Frédéric Chano,5 Cécile Tremblay,6,7 Jerald Cherian,1 Patricia Barditch-Crovo,1 Natasha Chida,1 Richard D. Moore,1 Michael F. Summers,2,8 Robert F. Siliciano,1,8 Janet D. Siliciano,1 and Francesco R. Simonetti1

1Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

3Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

4Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

5Clinique L’Agora, Montreal, Canada.

6Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Canada.

7Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.

8Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Francesco R. Simonetti, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. Phone: 401.955.7757; Email: fsimonetti@jhmi.edu.

Authorship note: JAW and FW are co–first authors.

Find articles by White, J. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

3Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

4Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

5Clinique L’Agora, Montreal, Canada.

6Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Canada.

7Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.

8Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Francesco R. Simonetti, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. Phone: 401.955.7757; Email: fsimonetti@jhmi.edu.

Authorship note: JAW and FW are co–first authors.

Find articles by Wu, F. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

3Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

4Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

5Clinique L’Agora, Montreal, Canada.

6Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Canada.

7Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.

8Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Francesco R. Simonetti, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. Phone: 401.955.7757; Email: fsimonetti@jhmi.edu.

Authorship note: JAW and FW are co–first authors.

Find articles by Yasin, S. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

3Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

4Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

5Clinique L’Agora, Montreal, Canada.

6Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Canada.

7Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.

8Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Francesco R. Simonetti, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. Phone: 401.955.7757; Email: fsimonetti@jhmi.edu.

Authorship note: JAW and FW are co–first authors.

Find articles by Moskovljevic, M. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

3Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

4Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

5Clinique L’Agora, Montreal, Canada.

6Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Canada.

7Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.

8Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Francesco R. Simonetti, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. Phone: 401.955.7757; Email: fsimonetti@jhmi.edu.

Authorship note: JAW and FW are co–first authors.

Find articles by Varriale, J. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

3Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

4Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

5Clinique L’Agora, Montreal, Canada.

6Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Canada.

7Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.

8Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Francesco R. Simonetti, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. Phone: 401.955.7757; Email: fsimonetti@jhmi.edu.

Authorship note: JAW and FW are co–first authors.

Find articles by Dragoni, F. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

3Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

4Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

5Clinique L’Agora, Montreal, Canada.

6Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Canada.

7Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.

8Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Francesco R. Simonetti, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. Phone: 401.955.7757; Email: fsimonetti@jhmi.edu.

Authorship note: JAW and FW are co–first authors.

Find articles by Camilo-Contreras, A. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

3Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

4Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

5Clinique L’Agora, Montreal, Canada.

6Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Canada.

7Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.

8Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Francesco R. Simonetti, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. Phone: 401.955.7757; Email: fsimonetti@jhmi.edu.

Authorship note: JAW and FW are co–first authors.

Find articles by Duan, J. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

3Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

4Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

5Clinique L’Agora, Montreal, Canada.

6Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Canada.

7Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.

8Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Francesco R. Simonetti, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. Phone: 401.955.7757; Email: fsimonetti@jhmi.edu.

Authorship note: JAW and FW are co–first authors.

Find articles by Zheng, M. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

3Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

4Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

5Clinique L’Agora, Montreal, Canada.

6Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Canada.

7Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.

8Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Francesco R. Simonetti, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. Phone: 401.955.7757; Email: fsimonetti@jhmi.edu.

Authorship note: JAW and FW are co–first authors.

Find articles by Tadzong, N. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

3Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

4Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

5Clinique L’Agora, Montreal, Canada.

6Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Canada.

7Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.

8Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Francesco R. Simonetti, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. Phone: 401.955.7757; Email: fsimonetti@jhmi.edu.

Authorship note: JAW and FW are co–first authors.

Find articles by Patel, H. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

3Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

4Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

5Clinique L’Agora, Montreal, Canada.

6Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Canada.

7Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.

8Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Francesco R. Simonetti, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. Phone: 401.955.7757; Email: fsimonetti@jhmi.edu.

Authorship note: JAW and FW are co–first authors.

Find articles by Quiambao, J. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

3Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

4Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

5Clinique L’Agora, Montreal, Canada.

6Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Canada.

7Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.

8Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Francesco R. Simonetti, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. Phone: 401.955.7757; Email: fsimonetti@jhmi.edu.

Authorship note: JAW and FW are co–first authors.

Find articles by Rhodehouse, K. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

3Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

4Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

5Clinique L’Agora, Montreal, Canada.

6Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Canada.

7Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.

8Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Francesco R. Simonetti, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. Phone: 401.955.7757; Email: fsimonetti@jhmi.edu.

Authorship note: JAW and FW are co–first authors.

Find articles by Zhang, H. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

3Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

4Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

5Clinique L’Agora, Montreal, Canada.

6Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Canada.

7Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.

8Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Francesco R. Simonetti, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. Phone: 401.955.7757; Email: fsimonetti@jhmi.edu.

Authorship note: JAW and FW are co–first authors.

Find articles by Lai, J. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

3Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

4Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

5Clinique L’Agora, Montreal, Canada.

6Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Canada.

7Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.

8Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Francesco R. Simonetti, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. Phone: 401.955.7757; Email: fsimonetti@jhmi.edu.

Authorship note: JAW and FW are co–first authors.

Find articles by Beg, S. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

3Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

4Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

5Clinique L’Agora, Montreal, Canada.

6Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Canada.

7Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.

8Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Francesco R. Simonetti, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. Phone: 401.955.7757; Email: fsimonetti@jhmi.edu.

Authorship note: JAW and FW are co–first authors.

Find articles by Delannoy, M. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

3Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

4Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

5Clinique L’Agora, Montreal, Canada.

6Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Canada.

7Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.

8Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Francesco R. Simonetti, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. Phone: 401.955.7757; Email: fsimonetti@jhmi.edu.

Authorship note: JAW and FW are co–first authors.

Find articles by Kilcrease, C. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

3Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

4Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

5Clinique L’Agora, Montreal, Canada.

6Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Canada.

7Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.

8Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Francesco R. Simonetti, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. Phone: 401.955.7757; Email: fsimonetti@jhmi.edu.

Authorship note: JAW and FW are co–first authors.

Find articles by Hoffmann, C. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

3Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

4Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

5Clinique L’Agora, Montreal, Canada.

6Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Canada.

7Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.

8Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Francesco R. Simonetti, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. Phone: 401.955.7757; Email: fsimonetti@jhmi.edu.

Authorship note: JAW and FW are co–first authors.

Find articles by Poulin, S. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

3Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

4Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

5Clinique L’Agora, Montreal, Canada.

6Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Canada.

7Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.

8Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Francesco R. Simonetti, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. Phone: 401.955.7757; Email: fsimonetti@jhmi.edu.

Authorship note: JAW and FW are co–first authors.

Find articles by Chano, F. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

3Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

4Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

5Clinique L’Agora, Montreal, Canada.

6Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Canada.

7Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.

8Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Francesco R. Simonetti, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. Phone: 401.955.7757; Email: fsimonetti@jhmi.edu.

Authorship note: JAW and FW are co–first authors.

Find articles by Tremblay, C. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

3Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

4Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

5Clinique L’Agora, Montreal, Canada.

6Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Canada.

7Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.

8Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Francesco R. Simonetti, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. Phone: 401.955.7757; Email: fsimonetti@jhmi.edu.

Authorship note: JAW and FW are co–first authors.

Find articles by Cherian, J. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

3Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

4Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

5Clinique L’Agora, Montreal, Canada.

6Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Canada.

7Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.

8Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Francesco R. Simonetti, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. Phone: 401.955.7757; Email: fsimonetti@jhmi.edu.

Authorship note: JAW and FW are co–first authors.

Find articles by Barditch-Crovo, P. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

3Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

4Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

5Clinique L’Agora, Montreal, Canada.

6Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Canada.

7Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.

8Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Francesco R. Simonetti, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. Phone: 401.955.7757; Email: fsimonetti@jhmi.edu.

Authorship note: JAW and FW are co–first authors.

Find articles by Chida, N. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

3Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

4Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

5Clinique L’Agora, Montreal, Canada.

6Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Canada.

7Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.

8Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Francesco R. Simonetti, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. Phone: 401.955.7757; Email: fsimonetti@jhmi.edu.

Authorship note: JAW and FW are co–first authors.

Find articles by Moore, R. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

3Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

4Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

5Clinique L’Agora, Montreal, Canada.

6Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Canada.

7Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.

8Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Francesco R. Simonetti, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. Phone: 401.955.7757; Email: fsimonetti@jhmi.edu.

Authorship note: JAW and FW are co–first authors.

Find articles by Summers, M. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

3Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

4Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

5Clinique L’Agora, Montreal, Canada.

6Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Canada.

7Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.

8Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Francesco R. Simonetti, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. Phone: 401.955.7757; Email: fsimonetti@jhmi.edu.

Authorship note: JAW and FW are co–first authors.

Find articles by Siliciano, R. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

3Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

4Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

5Clinique L’Agora, Montreal, Canada.

6Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Canada.

7Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.

8Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Francesco R. Simonetti, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Univer