NIH Consensus Conference. Impotence. NIH consensus development panel on impotence. JAMA. 1993;270:83–90.

Mottet N, Bellmunt J, Bolla M, Briers E, Cumberbatch MG, De Santis M, et al. EAU-ESTRO-SIOG guidelines on prostate cancer. Part 1: screening, diagnosis, and local treatment with curative intent. Eur Urol. 2017;71:618–29.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mobley DF, Khera M, Baum N. Recent advances in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Postgrad Med J. 2017;93:679–85.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Burnett AL. Erectile dysfunction following radical prostatectomy. JAMA. 2005;293:2648–53.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Michel MC. Although the phosphodiesterase inhibitors have revolutionised the treatment of ED, postoperative ED due to nerve damage remains a therapeutic challenge. Eur Urol. 2007;52:580–1.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Campbell JD, Burnett AL. Neuroprotective and nerve regenerative approaches for treatment of erectile dysfunction after cavernous nerve injury. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18:1794.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang Y, Meng XH, Zhang QJ, Wang YM, Chen C, Wang YC, et al. Losartan improves erectile function through suppression of corporal apoptosis and oxidative stress in rats with cavernous nerve injury. Asian J Androl. 2019;21:452–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang HS, Ruan Y, Banie L, Cui K, Kang N, Peng D, et al. Delayed low-intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy ameliorates impaired penile hemodynamics in rats subjected to pelvic neurovascular injury. J Sex Med. 2019;16:17–26.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li M, Lei H, Xu Y, Li H, Yang B, Yu C, et al. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells exert therapeutic effect in a rat model of cavernous nerves injury. Andrology. 2018;6:927–35.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bee LA, Dickenson AH. Effects of lacosamide, a novel sodium channel modulator, on dorsal horn neuronal responses in a rat model of neuropathy. Neuropharmacology. 2009;57:472–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhao T, Li HJ, Ma L, Feng J, Wang TT, Yu J, et al. Safety, efficacy, and tolerability of lacosamide for the treatment of epilepsy in pediatric patients in Uygur, China. Epilepsy Behav. 2021;117:107814.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Demiroz S, Ur K, Ulucan A, Bengu AS, Ur FD, Gergin OO, et al. Neuroprotective effects of lacosamide in experimental traumatic spinal cord injury in rats. Turk Neurosurg. 2019;29:718–23.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Demiroz S, Ur K, Bengu AS, Ulucan A, Atici Y, Erdogan S, et al. Neuroprotective effects of lacosamide in experimental peripheral nerve injury in rats: a prospective randomized and placebo-controlled trial. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2020;63:171–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jin HR, Chung YG, Kim WJ, Zhang LW, Piao S, Tuvshintur B, et al. A mouse model of cavernous nerve injury-induced erectile dysfunction: functional and morphological characterization of the corpus cavernosum. J Sex Med. 2010;7:3351–64.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhou X, Zhang T, Song L, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Cong R, et al. Prenatal exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate induces erectile dysfunction in male adult rats. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2021;219:112323.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Resnick MJ, Koyama T, Fan KH, Albertsen PC, Goodman M, Hamilton AS, et al. Long-term functional outcomes after treatment for localized prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:436–45.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Montorsi F, Brock G, Stolzenburg JU, Mulhall J, Moncada I, Patel HR, et al. Effects of tadalafil treatment on erectile function recovery following bilateral nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy: a randomised placebo-controlled study (REACTT). Eur Urol. 2014;65:587–96.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang W, Chen Z, Ma X, Ouyang X, Fang J, Wei H. Co-overexpression of VEGF and GDNF in adipose-derived stem cells optimizes therapeutic effect in neurogenic erectile dysfunction model. Cell Prolif. 2020;53:e12756.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wu H, Tang WH, Zhao LM, Liu DF, Yang YZ, Zhang HT, et al. Nanotechnology-assisted adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC) therapy for erectile dysfunction of cavernous nerve injury: In vivo cell tracking, optimized injection dosage, and functional evaluation. Asian J Androl. 2018;20:442–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wu J, Chen Z, Zhong F, Yang W, Ouyang X, Ma X, et al. Transplantation of human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells ameliorates neurotic erectile dysfunction in a rat model. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2021;9:630076.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shindel AW, Xin ZC, Lin G, Fandel TM, Huang YC, Banie L, et al. Erectogenic and neurotrophic effects of icariin, a purified extract of horny goat weed (Epimedium spp.) in vitro and in vivo. J Sex Med. 2010;7:1518–28.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu GM, Xu K, Li J, Luo YG. Curcumin upregulates S100 expression and improves regeneration of the sciatic nerve following its complete amputation in mice. Neural Regen Res. 2016;11:1304–11.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sang Q, Sun D, Chen Z, Zhao W. NGF and PI3K/Akt signaling participate in the ventral motor neuronal protection of curcumin in sciatic nerve injury rat models. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;103:1146–53.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Draganski A, Tar MT, Villegas G, Friedman JM, Davies KP. Topically applied curcumin-loaded nanoparticles treat erectile dysfunction in a rat model of Type-2 diabetes. J Sex Med. 2018;15:645–53.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ye M, Zhao F, Ma K, Zhou K, Ma J, Fu H, et al. Enhanced effects of salidroside on erectile function and corpora cavernosa autophagy in a cavernous nerve injury rat model. Andrologia. 2021;53:e14044.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sheng QS, Wang ZJ, Zhang J, Zhang YG. Salidroside promotes peripheral nerve regeneration following crush injury to the sciatic nerve in rats. Neuroreport. 2013;24:217–23.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Licko T, Seeger N, Zellinger C, Russmann V, Matagne A, Potschka H. Lacosamide treatment following status epilepticus attenuates neuronal cell loss and alterations in hippocampal neurogenesis in a rat electrical status epilepticus model. Epilepsia. 2013;54:1176–85.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ge P, Guo Y, Shen J. IcarisideII facilitates the differentiation of ADSCs to SCs via let-7i/STAT3 axis to preserve erectile function. Biol Res. 2019;52:54.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen Z, Han X, Ouyang X, Fang J, Huang X, Wei H. Transplantation of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells improved erectile dysfunction induced by cavernous nerve injury. Theranostics. 2019;9:6354–68.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li H, Matheu MP, Sun F, Wang L, Sanford MT, Ning H, et al. Low-energy shock wave therapy ameliorates erectile dysfunction in a pelvic neurovascular injuries rat model. J Sex Med. 2016;13:22–32.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nocera G, Jacob C. Mechanisms of Schwann cell plasticity involved in peripheral nerve repair after injury. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2020;77:3977–89.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang L, Sanford MT, Xin Z, Lin G, Lue TF. Role of Schwann cells in the regeneration of penile and peripheral nerves. Asian J Androl. 2015;17:776–82.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shamloul R, Ghanem H. Erectile dysfunction. Lancet. 2013;381:153–65.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen YL, Chao TT, Wu YN, Chen MC, Lin YH, Liao CH, et al. nNOS-positive minor-branches of the dorsal penile nerves is associated with erectile function in the bilateral cavernous injury model of rats. Sci Rep. 2018;8:929.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wu YN, Liao CH, Chen KC, Liu SP, Chiang HS. Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb-761) on recovery of erectile dysfunction in bilateral cavernous nerve injury rat model. Urology. 2015;85:1214.e7–e15.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liao CH, Wu YN, Chen BH, Lin YH, Ho HO, Chiang HS. Neuroprotective effect of docosahexaenoic acid nanoemulsion on erectile function in a rat model of bilateral cavernous nerve injury. Sci Rep. 2016;6:33040.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang ZM, Dai CF, Kanoh N, Chi FL, Li KY. Apoptosis and expression of BCL-2 in facial motoneurons after facial nerve injury. Otol Neurotol. 2002;23:397–404.

Article