Int J Sports Med
DOI: 10.1055/a-1841-3081
Physiology & Biochemistry
1
Laboratory of Aquatic Activities, University of Sao Paulo School of
Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Preto,
Brazil
,
2
Health Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de
Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
,
Júlia Causin Andreossi
1
Laboratory of Aquatic Activities, University of Sao Paulo School of
Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Preto,
Brazil
,
Douglas Rodrigues Messias Miranda
1
Laboratory of Aquatic Activities, University of Sao Paulo School of
Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Preto,
Brazil
,
Marcelo Papoti
1
Laboratory of Aquatic Activities, University of Sao Paulo School of
Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Preto,
Brazil
› Author Affiliations
Funding
The authors are grateful for the financial support of the São Paulo
Research Foundation (grant no: 2019/06184–2) and also to the
swimmers who voluntarily participated in this study.
› Further Information
Also available at
![SFX Search]()
Buy Article Permissions and Reprints
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of 6-week specific preparatory period
and 2-week taper period on neuromuscular fatigue profile in 100-m front crawl
swimming performance. Seventeen competitive-level young-adult swimmers performed
a 100-m swimming performance at baseline and after 6-week specific preparatory
followed by 2-week taper periods. Neuromuscular fatigue profile was assessed
through percutaneous electrical stimuli on the femoral nerve during a maximal
voluntary contraction performed before and immediately after each 100-m maximal
effort. Performance improved (p=0.001) 2.24 and 3.06% after
specific and taper, respectively. Potentiated peak force at post-effort
condition decreased (p<0.001) 16.26% at baseline, 11.70%
at specific, and 12.86% at taper period. Maximal voluntary contraction
force also decreased (p<0.001) at post-effort condition by about 6.77
and 9.33% at baseline and specific period, respectively. Both variables
did not present significant differences between times. No condition or time
effects were observed to superimposed peak force and voluntary activation, both
related to central fatigue. In conclusion, neuromuscular fatigue during 100-m
swimming performance was exclusively developed by peripheral mechanisms
regardless of the training period, and 2-week taper was able to prevent
decreases in maximal voluntary contraction induced by 100-m maximal effort.
Key words
voluntary activation -
twitch interpolation technique -
percutaneous electrical stimuli
Publication History
Received: 10 November 2021
Accepted: 28 April 2022
Accepted Manuscript online:
02 May 2022
Article published online:
10 March 2023
© 2023. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Georg Thieme Verlag
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart,
Germany
References
1
Barbosa TM,
Bragada JA,
Reis VM.
et al.
Energetics and biomechanics as determining factors of swimming performance:
Updating the state of the art. J Sci Med Sport 2010; 13: 262-269
2
Costill DL,
Flynn MG,
Kirwan JP.
et al.
Effects of repeated days of intensified training on muscle glycogen and swimming
performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1988; 20: 249-254
3
Boyas S,
Guével A.
Neuromuscular fatigue in healthy muscle: Underlying factors and adaptation
mechanisms. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2011; 54: 88-108
4
Fitts RH,
Costill DL,
Gardetto PR.
Effect of swim exercise training on human muscle fiber function. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1989; 66: 465-475
5
Costill DL,
Thomas R,
Robergs RA.
et al.
Adaptations to swimming training: influence of training volume. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991; 23: 371-377
6
Mujika I,
Padilla S.
Scientific bases for precompetition tapering strategies. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003; 35: 1182-1187
7
Papoti M,
Martins LEB,
Cunha SA.
et al.
Effects of taper on swimming force and swimmer performance after an experimental
ten-week training program. J Strength Cond Res 2007; 21: 538-542
8
Costill DL,
King DS,
Thomas R.
et al.
Effects of reduced training on muscular power in swimmers. Phys Sportsmed 1985; 13: 94-101
9
Mujika I,
Padilla S,
Pyne D.
Swimming performance changes during the final 3 weeks of training leading to the
Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. Int J Sports Med 2002; 23: 582-587
10
Johns RA,
Houmard JA,
Kobe RW.
et al.
Effects of taper on swim power, stroke distance, and performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992; 24: 1141-1146
11
Raglin JS,
Koceja DM,
Stager JM.
et al.
Mood, neuromuscular function, and performance during training in female
swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996; 28: 372-377
12
Padilhas OP,
Soares YM,
da Silva RSB.
et al.
Physiological restoration and improvement in physical performance in response to
a taper period in young swimmers. J Exerc Physiol Online 2017; 20: 36-45
13
Trappe S,
Costill D,
Thomas R.
Effect of swim taper on whole muscle and single muscle fiber contractile
properties. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 32: 48-56
14
Houmard JA,
Johns RA.
Effects of taper on swim performance. Practical implications. Sports Med 1994; 17: 224-232
15
Stirn I,
Jarm T,
Kapus V.
et al.
Evaluation of muscle fatigue during 100-m front crawl. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111: 101-113
16
Toussaint HM,
Carol A,
Kranenborg H.
et al.
Effect of fatigue on stroking characteristics in an arms-only 100-m front-crawl
race. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006; 38: 1635-1642
17
Capelli C,
Pendergast DR,
Termin B.
Energetics of swimming at maximal speeds in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1998; 78: 385-393
18
Fitts RH.
Cellular mechanisms of muscle fatigue. Physiol Rev 1994; 74: 49-94
19
Campos EZ,
Kalva-Filho CA,
Gobbi RB.
et al.
Anaerobic contribution determined in swimming distances: Relation with
performance. Front Physiol 2017; 8: 755
20
Gandevia SC.
Spinal and supraspinal factors in human muscle fatigue. Physiol Rev 2001; 81: 1725-1789
21
Harriss DJ,
Jones C,
MacSween A.
Ethical standards in sport and exercise science research: 2022 update. Int J Sports Med 2022; 43: 1065-1070
22
Allen GM,
Gandevia SC,
McKenzie DK.
Reliability of measurements of muscle strength and voluntary activation using
twitch interpolation. Muscle Nerve 1995; 18: 593-600
23
Neyroud D,
Vallotton A,
Millet GY.
et al.
The effect of muscle fatigue on stimulus intensity requirements for central and
peripheral fatigue quantification. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114: 205-215
24
Borg GA.
Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1982; 14: 377-381
25
Kim H-Y.
Statistical notes for clinical researchers: effect size. Restor Dent Endod 2015; 40: 328-331
26
de Arruda TB,
Barbieri RA,
de Andrade VL.
et al.
Proposal of a conditioning activity model on sprint swimming performance. Front Physiol 2020; 11: 1351
27
Norberto MS,
De Arruda TB,
Cursiol JA.
et al.
Metformin anticipates peak of lactate during high-intensity interval training
but no changes performance or neuromuscular response in amateur swimmers. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 46: 305-313
28
Mujika I,
Padilla S,
Pyne D.
et al.
Physiological changes associated with the pre-event taper in athletes. Sports Med 2004; 34: 891-927
29
O'Leary TJ,
Collett J,
Howells K.
et al.
Endurance capacity and neuromuscular fatigue following high- vs
moderate-intensity endurance training: A randomized trial. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 27: 1648-1661
30
Chiu LZF,
Barnes JL.
The fitness-fatigue model revisited: Implications for planning short- and
long-term training. Strength Cond J 2003; 25: 42-51
31
Marinho DA,
Ferreira MI,
Barbosa TM.
et al.
Energetic and biomechanical contributions for longitudinal performance in master
swimmers. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2020; 5: 37
32
Bosquet L,
Montpetit J,
Arvisais D.
et al.
Effects of tapering on performance: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39: 1358-1365
留言 (0)