Ghebreyesus TA. WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19. In: World Health Organization. 2020. Available at WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19-11 March 2020. Accessed September 9, 2022.

Zhu N. Zhang D. Wang W. et al.

A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019.

N Engl J Med. 382: 727-733

World Health Organization. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard | WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard With Vaccination Data. In: World Health Organization 2022. Available at WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard | WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard With Vaccination Data. Accessed September 9, 2022.

Gao Y. Ding M. Dong X. et al.

Risk factors for severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients: A review.

Allergy. 76: 428-455Zhou F. Yu T. Du R. et al.

Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study.

Lancet. 395: 1054-1062

Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China.

JAMA. 323: 1239Wild J.M. Porter J.C. Molyneaux P.L. et al.

Understanding the burden of interstitial lung disease post-COVID-19: the UK Interstitial Lung Disease-Long COVID Study (UKILD-Long COVID).

BMJ Open Respiratory Research. 8: e001049Drożdżal S. Rosik J. Lechowicz K. et al.

An update on drugs with therapeutic potential for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) treatment.

Drug Resist Updates. 59: 100794

v. Editorial: current status of oral antiviral drug treatments for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in non-hospitalized patients.

Med Sci Mon Int Med J Exp Clin Res. 28: e935952Hammond J. Leister-Tebbe H. Gardner A. et al.

Oral Nirmatrelvir for high-risk, nonhospitalized adults with Covid-19.

N Engl J Med. 386: 1397-1408Fischer W.A. 2nd. Eron Jr., J.J. et al.

A phase 2a clinical trial of molnupiravir in patients with COVID-19 shows accelerated SARS-CoV-2 RNA clearance and elimination of infectious virus.

Sci Transl Med. 14: eabl7430Mohd I. Kumar Arora M. Asdaq S.M.B. et al.

Discovery, development, and patent trends on molnupiravir: a prospective oral treatment for COVID-19.

Molecules. 26: 5795

Covid-19: Molnupiravir reduces risk of hospital admission or death by 50% in patients at risk, MSD reports.

BMJ. 375: n2422

Office for National Statistics. Coronavirus (COVID-19) latest insights. In:Office for National Statistics 2022. Available at Coronavirus (COVID-19) latest insights - Office for National Statistics (ons.gov.uk). Accessed September 10, 2022.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC COVID Data Tracker: Daily and Total Trends. In: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2022. Available at CDC COVID Data Tracker: Daily and Total Trends. Accessed August 25, 2022.

George P.M. Wells A.U. Jenkins R.G.

Pulmonary fibrosis and COVID-19: the potential role for antifibrotic therapy.

Lancet Respir Med. 8: 807-815George P.M. Barratt S.L. Condliffe R. et al.

Respiratory follow-up of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.

Thorax. 75: 1009-1016Das K.M. Lee E.Y. Singh R. et al.

Follow-up chest radiographic findings in patients with MERS-CoV after recovery.

Indian J Radiol Imag. 27: 342-349Xie L. Liu Y. Fan B. et al.

Dynamic changes of serum SARS-Coronavirus IgG, pulmonary function and radiography in patients recovering from SARS after hospital discharge.

Respir Res. 6: 5Wu X. Liu X. Zhou Y. et al.

3-month, 6-month, 9-month, and 12-month respiratory outcomes in patients following COVID-19-related hospitalisation: a prospective study.

Lancet Respir Med. 9: 747-754Zhao L. Wang X. Xiong Y. et al.

Correlation of autopsy pathological findings and imaging features from 9 fatal cases of COVID-19 pneumonia.

Medicine. 100: e25232Carsana L. Sonzogni A. Nasr A. et al.

Pulmonary post-mortem findings in a series of COVID-19 cases from northern Italy: a two-centre descriptive study.

Lancet Infect Dis. 20: 1135-1140Ducloyer M. Gaborit B. Toquet C. et al.

Complete post-mortem data in a fatal case of COVID-19: clinical, radiological and pathological correlations.

Int J Legal Med. 134: 2209-2214Grillo F. Barisione E. Ball L. et al.

Lung fibrosis: an undervalued finding in COVID-19 pathological series.

Lancet Infect Dis. 21: e72Sun P. Qie S. Liu Z. et al.

Clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: A single arm meta-analysis.

J Med Virol. 92: 612-617

Pathophysiology of the acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Crit Care Clin. 37: 795-815Lai C.C. Shih T.P. Ko W.C. et al.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges.

Int J Antimicrob Agents. 55: 105924

Healing after COVID-19: are survivors at risk for pulmonary fibrosis?.

Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 320: L257-L265

The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.

N Engl J Med. 342: 1334-1349Thille A.W. Esteban A. Fernández-Segoviano P. et al.

Chronology of histological lesions in acute respiratory distress syndrome with diffuse alveolar damage: a prospective cohort study of clinical autopsies.

Lancet Respir Med. 1: 395-401

Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19.

Science. 368: 473-474Ye C. Li H. Bao M. et al.

Alveolar macrophage - derived exosomes modulate severity and outcome of acute lung injury.

Aging. 12: 6120-6128Deng Y. Herbert J.A. Robinson E. et al.

Neutrophil-airway epithelial interactions result in increased epithelial damage and viral clearance during respiratory syncytial virus infection.

J Virol. 94 ()Herbert J.A. Deng Y. Hardelid P. et al.

β 2 -integrin LFA1 mediates airway damage following neutrophil transepithelial migration during respiratory syncytial virus infection.

Eur Respir J. 56: 1902216John A.E. Joseph C. Jenkins G. et al.

COVID-19 and pulmonary fibrosis: a potential role for lung epithelial cells and fibroblasts.

Immunol Rev. 302: 228-240Melms J.C. Biermann J. Huang H. et al.

A molecular single-cell lung atlas of lethal COVID-19.

Nature. 595: 114-119Wang S. Yao X. Ma S. et al.

A single-cell transcriptomic landscape of the lungs of patients with COVID-19.

Nat Cell Biol. 23: 1314-1328Zhang C. Zhao W. Li J.W. et al.

Discharge may not be the end of treatment: pay attention to pulmonary fibrosis caused by severe COVID-19.

J Med Virol. 93: 1378-1386Piersma B. Bank R.A. Boersema M.

Signaling in Fibrosis: TGF-β, WNT, and YAP/TAZ Converge.

Front Med (Lausanne). 2: 59Cabrera-Benítez N.E. Parotto M. Post M. et al.

Mechanical stress induces lung fibrosis by epithelial–mesenchymal transition∗.

Crit Care Med. 40: 510-517Zhang R. Pan Y. Fanelli V. et al.

Mechanical stress and the induction of lung fibrosis via the midkine signaling pathway.

Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 192: 315-323Wei J. Yang H. Lei P. et al.

Analysis of thin-section CT in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) after hospital discharge.

J X Ray Sci Technol. 28: 383-389

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19 (NG188). In:London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). 2021. Available at Overview | COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19 | Guidance | NICE. Accessed September 10, 2022.

Mandal S. Barnett J. Brill S.E. et al.

‘Long-COVID’: a cross-sectional study of persisting symptoms, biomarker and imaging abnormalities following hospitalization for COVID-19.

Thorax. 76: 396-398Evans R.A. McAuley H. Harrison E.M. et al.

Physical, cognitive, and mental health impacts of COVID-19 after hospitalisation (PHOSP-COVID): a UK multicentre, prospective cohort study.

Lancet Respir Med. 9: 1275-1287Evans R.A. Leavy O.C. Richardson M. et al.

Clinical characteristics with inflammation profiling of long COVID and association with 1-year recovery following hospitalisation in the UK: a prospective observational study.

Lancet Respir Med. 10: 761-775Carfì A. Bernabei R. Landi F.

Persistent symptoms in patients after acute COVID-19.

JAMA. 324: 603Vargas Centanaro G. Calle Rubio M. Álvarez-Sala Walther J.L. Martinez-Sagasti F. Albuja Hidalgo A. Herranz Hernández R. Rodríguez Hermosa J.L.

Long-term Outcomes and Recovery of Patients who Survived COVID-19: LUNG INJURY COVID-19 Study.

Open Forum Infect Dis. 9: ofac098Chun H.J. Coutavas E. Pine A.B. et al.

Immunofibrotic drivers of impaired lung function in postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

JCI Insight. 6e148476Willi S. Lüthold R. Hunt A. et al.

COVID-19 sequelae in adults aged less than 50 years: a systematic review.

Trav Med Infect Dis. 40: 101995Froidure A. Mahsouli A. Liistro G. et al.

Integrative respiratory follow-up of severe COVID-19 reveals common functional and lung imaging sequelae.

Respir Med. 181: 106383Boari G.E.M. Bonetti S. Braglia-Orlandini F. et al.

Short-Term Consequences of SARS-CoV-2-Related Pneumonia: A Follow Up Study.

High Blood Pres Cardiovasc Prev. 28: 373-381Robey R.C. Kemp K. Hayton P. et al.

Pulmonary sequelae at 4 months After COVID-19 infection: a single-centre experience of a COVID Follow-Up Service.

Adv Ther. 38: 4505-4519Faverio P. Luppi F. Rebora P. et al.

Six-month pulmonary impairment after severe COVID-19: a prospective, multicentre follow-up study.

Respiration. 100: 1078-1087Han X. Fan Y. Alwalid O. et al.

Six-month follow-up chest CT Findings after severe COVID-19 pneumonia.

Radiology. 299: E177-E186Hama Amin B.J. Kakamad F.H. Ahmed G.S. et al.

Post COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis; a meta-analysis study.

Annals of Medicine and Surgery. 77: 103590Zangrillo A. Belletti A. Palumbo D. et al.

One-Year Multidisciplinary Follow-Up of Patients With COVID-19 Requiring Invasive Mechanical Ventilation.

J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 36: 1354-1363Huang L. Yao Q. Gu X. et al.

1-year outcomes in hospital survivors with COVID-19: a longitudinal cohort study.

Lancet. 398: 747-758Faverio P. Luppi F. Rebora P. et al.

One-year pulmonary impairment after severe COVID-19: a prospective, multicenter follow-up study.

Respir Res. 23: 65Eksombatchai D. Wongsinin T. Phongnarudech T. et al.

Pulmonary function and six-minute-walk test in patients after recovery from COVID-19: A prospective cohort study.

PLoS One. 16: e0257040Lv D. Chen X. Wang X. et al.Pulmonary function of patients with 2019 novel coronavirus induced-pneumonia: a retrospective cohort studyAnn Palliat Med. 9: 3447-3452Shah A.S. Wong A.W. Hague C.J. et al.

A prospective study of 12-week respiratory outcomes in COVID-19-related hospitalisations.

Thorax. 76: 402-404Frija-Masson J. Debray M.P. Boussouar S. et al.

Residual ground glass opacities three months after Covid-19 pneumonia correlate to alteration of respiratory function: The post Covid M3 study.

Respir Med. 184: 106435Guler S.A. Ebner L. Aubry-Beigelman C. et al.

Pulmonary function and radiological features 4 months after COVID-19: first results from the national prospective observational Swiss COVID-19 lung study.

Eur Respir J. 57: 2003690Noel-Savina E. Viatgé T. Faviez G. et al.

Severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: clinical, functional and imaging outcomes at 4 months.

Respiratory Medicine and Research. 80: 100822Hellemons M.E. Huijts S. Bek L.M. et al.

Persistent health problems beyond pulmonary recovery up to 6 months after hospitalization for COVID-19: a longitudinal study of respiratory, physical, and psychological outcomes.

Annals of the American Thoracic Society. 19: 551-561Safont B. Tarraso J. Rodriguez-Borja E. et al.

Lung function, radiological findings and biomarkers of fibrogenesis in a cohort of COVID-19 patients six months after hospital discharge.

Arch Bronconeumol. 58: 142-149Tarraso J. Safont B. Carbonell-Asins J.A. et al.

Lung function and radiological findings 1 year after COVID-19: a prospective follow-up.

Respir Res. 23: 242Marvisi M. Ferrozzi F. Balzarini L. et al.

First report on clinical and radiological features of COVID-19 pneumonitis in a Caucasian population: Factors predicting fibrotic evolution.

Int J Infect Dis. 99: 485-488Yang Z.L. Chen C. Huang L. et al.

Fibrotic changes depicted by thin-section CT in patients With COVID-19 at the early recovery stage: preliminary experience.

Front Med. 7: 605088Zhou M. Xu J. Liao T. et al.

Comparison of residual pulmonary abnormalities 3 months after discharge in patients who recovered from COVID-19 of Different severity.

Front Med. 8: 682087Cocconcelli E. Bernardinello N. Giraudo C. et al.

Characteristics and prognostic factors of pulmonary fibrosis After COVID-19 pneumonia.

Front Med. 8: 823600Zhang D. Zhang C. Li X. et al.

Thin-section computed tomography findings and longitudinal variations of the residual pulmonary sequelae after discharge in patients with COVID-19: a short-term follow-up study.

Eur Radiol. 31: 7172-7183Besutti G. Monelli F. Schirò S. et al.

Follow-Up CT patterns of residual lung abnormalities in severe COVID-19 pneumonia survivors: a multicenter retrospective study.

Tomography. 8: 1184-1195Wallis T.J.M. Heiden E. Horno J. et al.

Risk factors for persistent abnormality on chest radiographs at 12-weeks post hospitalisation with PCR confirmed COVID-19.

Respir Res. 22: 157Caruso D. Guido G. Zerunian M. et al.

Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 pneumonia: six-month chest CT follow-up.

Radiology. 301: E396-E405Fabbri L. Moss S. Khan F.A. et al.

Parenchymal lung abnormalities following hospitalisation for COVID-19 and viral pneumonitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Thorax. 78: 191-201Bocchino M. Lieto R. Romano F. et al.

Chest CT-based assessment of 1-year outcomes after moderate COVID-19 pneumonia.

Radiology. 305: 479-485Mehta P. Rosas I.O. Singer M.

Understanding post-COVID-19 interstitial lung disease (ILD): a new fibroinflammatory disease entity.

Intensive Care Med. 48: 1803-1806RECOVERY Collaborative Group Horby P. Lim W.S. et al.

Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19.

N Engl J Med. 384: 693-704Myall K.J. Mukherjee B. Castanheira A.M. et al.

Persistent post–COVID-19 interstitial lung disease. An observational study of corticosteroid treatment.

Annals of the American Thoracic Society. 18: 799-806Saiphoklang N. Patanayindee P. Ruchiwit P.

The effect of NINTEDANIB in Post-COVID-19 lung fibrosis: an observational study.

Critical Care Research and Practice. 2022: 1-7

Molina M. Pirfenidone Compared to Placebo in Post-COVID19 Pulmonary Fibrosis COVID-19. In: ClinicalTrials.gov. 2021. Available at Pirfenidone Compared to Placebo in Post-COVID19 Pulmonary Fibrosis COVID-19-Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov. Accessed October 10, 2022.

Krishna Murthy P. Sivashanmugam K. Kandasamy M. et al.

Repurposing of histone deacetylase inhibitors: a promising strategy to combat pulmonary fibrosis promoted by TGF-β signalling in COVID-19 survivors.

Life Sci. 266: 118883Vishnupriya M. Naveenkumar M. Manjima K. et al.

Post-COVID pulmonary fibrosis: therapeutic efficacy using with mesenchymal stem cells - How the lung heals.

Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 25: 2748-2751Wu J. Zhou X. Tan Y. et al.

Phase 1 trial for treatment of COVID-19 patients with pulmonary fibrosis using hESC-IMRCs.

Cell Prolif. 53: e12944

University of Chicago. Assessing the Efficacy of Sirolimus in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia for Prevention of Post-COVID Fibrosis. In:ClinicalTrials.gov. 2021, Available at Assessing the Efficacy of Sirolimus in Patients With COVID-19 Pneumonia for Prevention of Post-COVID Fibrosis - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov. Accessed October 10, 2022.

Issak ER. Colchicine and Post-COVID-19 Pulmonary Fibrosis. In: ClinicalTrials.gov, 2021. Available at Colchicine and Post-COVID-19 Pulmonary Fibrosis - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov. Accessed October 10, 2022.