A total of 2184 manuscripts were evaluated for title and abstract screening, which was reduced to 100 articles for full text screening following removal of duplicates. Following full-text review, 27 articles of varying quality were included in the systematic review. Following further manual searches, an additional 7 articles were included. Therefore a total of 34 manuscripts were included in this review (Fig. 1).

All 34 included articles were published between 1998 and 2022, consisting of 16 cross-sectional studies [14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29], 7 randomised control trials (RCT) [30,31,32,33,34,35,36], 4 quasi-experimental studies [37,38,39,40], and 7 cohort studies [41,42,43,44,45,46,47]. The results of the included articles were informed by 4,694 PBT survivors and 120 caregivers, with sample sizes ranging from 12 to 621 with an age range of 18–86 years. Most articles reported gender distribution, noting PBT survivors were predominantly male (52%) and caregivers female (71%). Ten studies exclusively included high-grade glioma (HGG) samples [17, 24, 25, 30, 36, 37, 40, 43, 46, 47], while seven exclusively included low-grade glioma (LGG) samples [21, 23, 27, 31, 35, 39, 42]. Seventeen studies involved mixed samples of LGG and HGG [14,15,16, 19, 20, 22, 26, 28, 29, 32,33,34, 38, 39, 41, 44, 45].

Sleep was primarily assessed using validated subjective questionnaires, including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) [19, 21, 29, 33, 37], the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) [29, 45], the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) [21], the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) [21], the General Sleep Disturbance Scale (GSDS) [17], and the Brief Sleep Disturbance Scale (BSDS) [32]. Furthermore, validated symptom or outcome measures reporting ≥ 1 sleep item included the NCCN Distress thermometer [20], the PROMIS Clinical Outcomes Assessment (V1) [22], the Fact-BR [36], and the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) [26]. In addition to these validated sleep or symptom assessment tools, validated HRQoL assessments that included at least 1 sleep-related item were also reported, including the EORTC QLQ-C30 [16, 23,24,25, 27, 28, 30, 31, 34, 35, 39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47] & BN20 [16, 18, 24, 25, 28, 30, 31, 39,