Veeger H.E.J. van der Helm F.C.T.

Shoulder function: the perfect compromise between mobility and stability.

J Biomech. 40: 2119-2129

The shoulder complex in elevation of the arm: a mechanism approach.

J Biomech. 11: 219-225Kibler W.B. Sciascia A.D.

Current concepts: scapular dyskinesis.

Br J Sports Med. 44: 300-305Burkhart S.S. Morgan C.D. Kibler W.B.

The disabled throwing shoulder: spectrum of pathology Part III: The SICK scapula, scapular dyskinesis, the kinetic chain, and rehabilitation.

Arthroscopy. 19: 641-661Kibler W.B. Ludewig P.M. McClure P.W. et al.

Scapula summit 2009.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 39: A1-A13Moore-Reed S.D. Kibler W.B. Sciascia A.D. et al.

Preliminary development of a clinical prediction rule for treatment of patients with suspected SLAP tears.

Arthroscopy. 30: 1540-1549Kibler W.B. Ludewig P.M. McClure P.W. et al.

Clinical implications of scapular dyskinesis in shoulder injury: The 2013 consensus statement from the "scapula summit".

Br J Sports Med. 47: 877-885Burn M.B. McCulloch P.C. Lintner D.M. et al.

Prevalence of scapular dyskinesis in overhead and nonoverhead athletes.

Orthop J Sports Med. 4 ()Gomes B.N. Schell M.S. Gomes Rosa C. et al.

Prevalence of scapular dyskinesis and shoulder pain in amateur surfers from Rio Grande do Sul: a cross-sectional study.

Fisioter Pesqui. 27: 293-298Johannsson A. Svantesson U. Tannerstedt J. et al.

Prevalence of shoulder pain in Swedish flatwater kayakers and its relation to range of motion and scapula stability of the shoulder joint.

J Sports Sci. 34: 951-958Laxmi R. Prosenjit P. Shahid M.D.

Prevalence of shoulder injuries and altered scapular positioning in young elite cricketers.

Int J Sport Sci Fit. 5: 130-161Madsen P.H. Bak K. Jensen S. et al.

Training induces scapular dyskinesis in pain-free competitive swimmers: a reliability and observational study.

Clin J Sport Med. 21: 109-113Maor M.B. Ronin T. Kalichman L.

Scapular dyskinesis among competitive swimmers.

J Bodywork Move Ther. 21: 633-636Reeser J.C. Joy E.A. Porucznik C.A. et al.

Risk factors for volleyball-related shoulder pain and dysfunction.

Phys Med Rehabil. 2: 27-35Silva R.T. Hartmann L.G. Laurino C.F. et al.

Clinical and ultrasonographic correlation between scapular dyskinesia and subacromial space measurement among junior elite tennis players.

Br J Sports Med. 44: 407-410Warner J.J.P. Micheli L.J. Arslanian L.E. et al.

Scapulothoracic motion in normal shoulders and shoulders with glenohumeral instability and impingement syndrome.

Clin Orthop Rel Res. 285: 199McClure P.W. Tate A.R. Kareha S. et al.

A clinical method for identifying scapular dyskinesis: part 1: reliability.

J Athl Train. 44: 160-164Tate A.R. McClure P.W. Kareha S. et al.

A clinical method for identifying scapular dyskinesis: part 2: validity.

J Athl Train. 44: 165-173

The role of the scapula in athletic function.

Am J Sports Med. 26: 325-337Uhl T.L. Kibler W.B. Gecewich B. et al.

Evaluation of clinical assessment methods for scapular dyskinesis.

Arthroscopy. 25: 1240-1248Kibler W.B. Sciascia A.D. Dome D.C.

Evaluation of apparent and absolute supraspinatus strength in patients with shoulder injury using the scapular retraction test.

Am J Sports Med. 34: 1643-1647Kibler W.B. Sciascia A.D. Uhl T.L. et al.

Electromyographic analysis of specific exercises for scapular control in early phases of shoulder rehabilitation.

Am J Sports Med. 36: 1789-1798

Pectoralis major transfer for serratus anterior paralysis.

J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 12: 555-560

Levator scapulae and rhomboid transfer for paralysis of trapezius: the Eden-Lange procedure.

J Bone Joint Surg Br. 85: 1141-1145Elhassan B.T. Wagner E.R.

Outcome of triple-tendon transfer, an Eden-Lange variant, to reconstruct trapezius paralysis.

J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 24: 1307-1313Kuhne M. Boniquit N. Ghodadra N. et al.

The snapping scapula: diagnosis and treatment.

Arthroscopy. 25: 1298-1311

Snapping scapula syndrome: diagnosis and management.

J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 21: 214-224Kibler W.B. Sciascia A.D. Morris B.J. et al.

Treatment of symptomatic acromioclavicular joint instability by a docking technique: clinical indications, surgical technique, and outcomes.

Arthroscopy. 33: 696-708Kibler W.B. Sciascia A. Uhl T.

Medial scapular muscle detachment: clinical presentation and surgical treatment.

J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 23: 58-67Kibler W.B. Jacobs C.A. Sciascia A.D.

Pain catastrophizing behaviors and their relation to poor patient-reported outcomes after scapular muscle reattachment.

J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 27: 1564-1571

Scapular surgery I-IV.

in: Reider B. Terry M.A. Provencher M.T. Sports medicine surgery. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia: 237-267 ()Pikkarainen V. Kettunen J. Vastamaki M.

The natural course of serratus palsy at 2 to 31 years.

Clin Orthop Rel Res. 471: 1555-1563

Current views of scapular dyskinesis and its possible clinical relevance.

Int J Sports Phys Ther. 17: 117-130Ludewig P.M. Kamonseki D.H. Staker J.L. et al.

Changing our diagnostic paradigm: movement system diagnostic classification.

Int J Sports Phys Ther. 12: 884-893Blackburn T.A. McLeod W.D. White B. et al.

EMG analysis of posterior rotator cuff exercises.

Ath Train. Spring. 25 (): 42-45Townsend H. Jobe F.W. Pink M. et al.

Electromyographic analysis of the glenohumeral muscles during a baseball rehabilitation program.

Am J Sports Med. 19: 264-272Reinold M.M. Wilk K.E. Fleisig G.S. et al.

Electromyographic analysis of the rotator cuff and deltoid musculature during common shoulder external rotation exercises.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 34: 385-394Haik M.N. Alburquerque-Sendín F. Silva C.Z. et al.

Scapular kinematics pre- and post-thoracic thrust manipulation in individuals with and without shoulder impingement symptoms: a randomized controlled study.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 44: 475-487Camargo P.R. Alburquerque-Sendín F. Avila M.A. et al.

Effects of stretching and strengthening exercises, with and without manual therapy, on scapular kinematics, function, and pain in individuals with shoulder impingement: a randomized controlled trial.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 45: 984-997Kardouni J.R. Pidcoe P.E. Shaffer S.W. et al.

Thoracic spine manipulation in individuals with subacromial impingement syndrome does not immediately alter thoracic spine kinematics, thoracic excursion, or scapular kinematics: a randomized controlled trial.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 45: 527-538Rosa D.P. Borstad J.D. Pogetti L.S. et al.

Effects of a stretching protocol for the pectoralis minor on muscle length, function, and scapular kinematics in individuals with and without shoulder pain.

J Hand Ther. 30: 20-29Reinold M.M. Wilk K.E. Macrina L.C. et al.

Changes in shoulder and elbow passive range of motion after pitching in professional baseball players.

Am J Sports Med. 36: 523-527Kibler W.B. Sciascia A.D. Moore S.D.

An acute throwing episode decreases shoulder internal rotation.

Clin Orthop Rel Res. 470: 1545-1551Proske U. Morgan D.L. Gregory J.E.

Thixotropy in skeletal muscle and in muscle spindles: a review.

Progr Neurobiol. 41: 705-721

Do cross-bridges contribute to the tension during stretch of passive muscle?.

J Muscle Res Cell Motil. 20: 433-442

Muscle damage from eccentric exercise: mechanism, mechanical signs, adaptation and clinical applications.

J Physiol. 537: 333-345Reisman S. Walsh L.D. Proske U.

Warm up stretches reduce sensations of stiffness and soreness after eccentric exercise.

Med Sci Sport Exerc. 37: 929-936Manske R. Wilk K.E. Davies G. et al.

Glenohumeral motion deficits: friend or foe?.

Int J Sports Phys Ther. 8: 537-553Manske R.C. Meschke M. Porter A. et al.

A randomized controlled single-blinded comparison of stretching versus stretching and joint mobilization for posterior shoulder tightness measured by internal rotation motion loss.

Sports Health. 2: 94-100Brudvig T.J. Kulkarni H. Shah S.

The effect of therapeutic exercise and mobilization on patients with shoulder dysfunction: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 41: 734-748Harshbarger N.D. Eppelheimer B.L. Valovich McLeod T.C. et al.

The effectiveness of shoulder stretching and joint mobilizations on posterior shoulder tightness.

J Sport Rehabil. 22: 313-319Moon G.D. Lim J.Y. Kim D.Y. et al.

Comparison of Maitland and Kaltenborn mobilization techniques for improving shoulder pain and range of motion in frozen shoulders.

J Phys Ther Sci. 27: 1391-1395Ho C.Y.C. Sole G. Munn J.

The effectiveness of manual therapy in the management of musculoskeletal disorders of the shoulder: a systematic review.

Man Ther. 14: 463-474Bialosky J.E. Bishop M.D. Price D.D. et al.

The mechanisms of manual therapy in the treatment of musculoskeletal pain: a comprehensive model.

Man Ther. 14: 531-538Bronfort G. Haas M. Evans R. et al.

Effectiveness of manual therapies: the UK evidence report.

Chiro Osteo. 18: 3Gebremariam L. Hay E.M. van der Sande R. et al.

Subacromial impingement syndrome—effectiveness of physiotherapy and manual therapy.

Br J Sports Med. 48: 1202-1208Desjardins-Charbonneau A. Roy J.S. Dionne C.E. et al.

The efficacy of manual therapy for rotator cuff tendinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 45: 330-350Moseley J.B. Jobe F.W. Pink M.M. et al.

EMG analysis of the scapular muscles during a shoulder rehabilitation program.

Am J Sports Med. 20: 128-134Hintermeister R.A. Lange G.W. Schultheis J.M. et al.

Electromyographic activity and applied load during shoulder rehabilitation exercises using elastic resistance.

Am J Sports Med. 26: 210-220Decker M.J. Hintermeister R.A. Faber K.J. et al.

Serratus anterior muscle activity during selected rehabilitation exercises.

Am J Sports Med. 27: 784-791Reinold M.M. Escamilla R. Wilk K.E.

Current concepts in the scientific and clinical rationale behind exercises for glenohumeral and scapulothoracic musculature.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 39: 105-117Toyoshima S. Hoshikawa T. Miyashita M.

Contributions of body parts to throwing performance.

in: Nelson R.C. Morehouse C.A. Biomechanics IV. University Park Press, Baltimore: 169-174Hirashima M. Kadota H. Sakurai S. et al.

Sequential muscle activity and its functional role in the upper extremity and trunk during overarm throwing.

J Sport Sci. 20: 301-310Hirashima M. Kudo K. Watarai K. et al.

Control of 3D limb dynamics in unconstrained overarm throws of different speeds performed by skilled baseball players.

J Neurophysiol. 97: 680-691Hirashima M. Yamane K. Nakamura Y. et al.

Kinetic chain of overarm throwing in terms of joint rotations revealed by induced acceleration analysis.

J Biomech. 41: 2874-2883

Sequential motions of body segments in striking and throwing skills: description and explanations.

J Biomech. 26: 125-135Davids K. Glazier P.S. Araujo D. et al.

Movement systems as dynamical systems: the functional role of variability and its implications for sports medicine.

Sports Med. 33: 245-260

Constraints on the complete optimization of human motion.

Sports Med. 39: 16-28

A sequence of postural movements precedes voluntary movement.

Neurosci Let. 22: 263-270

Posturo-kinetic organisation during the early phase of voluntary upper limb movement. 1 Normal subjects.

J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 51: 956-965De May K. Danneels L. Cagnie B. et al.

Conscious correction of scapular orientation in overhead athletes performing selected shoulder rehabilitation exercises: the effect on trapezius muscle activation measured by surface electromyography.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 43: 3-10

Scapular dyskinesia: evolution towards a systems-based approach.

Shoulder Elbow. 8: 61-70Ou H.L. Huang T.S. Chen Y.T. et al.

Alterations of scapular kinematics and associated muscle activation specific to symptomatic dyskinesis type after conscious control.

Man Ther. 26: 97-103

Analysis of the kinetic chain in asymptomatic individuals with and without scapular dyskinesis.

Clin Biomech. 54: 8-15Huang T.S. Du W.Y. Wang T.G. et al.

Progressive conscious control of scapular orientation with video feedback has improvement in muscle balance ratio in patients with scapular dyskinesis: a randomized controlled trial.

J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 27: 1407-1414

A kinetic chain approach for shoulder rehabilitation.

J Ath Train. 35: 329-337De May K. Daneels L. Cagnie B. et al.

Kinetic chain influences on upper and lower trapezius muscle activation during eight variations of a scapular retraction exercise in overhead athletes.

J Sci Med Sport. 16: 65-70

Kinetic chain rehabilitation: a theoretical framework.

Rehabil Res Pract. 2012: 1-9Sciascia A.D. Thigpen C.A. Namdari S. et al.

Kinetic chain abnormalities in the athletic shoulder.

Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 20: 16-21Kibler W.B. Sciascia A. Wilkes T.

Scapular dyskinesis and its relation to shoulder injury.

J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 20: 364-372Michener L.A. Walsworth M.K. Burnet E.N.

Effectiveness of rehabilitation for patients with subacromial impingement syndrome.

J Hand Ther. 17: 152-164Tate A.R. McClure P.W. Young I.A. et al.

Comprehensive impairment-based exercise and manual therapy intervention for patients with subacromial impingement syndrome: a case series.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 40: 474-493Ellenbecker T.S. Cools A.

Rehabilitation of shoulder impingement syndrome and rotator cuff injuries: an evidence-based review.

Br J Sports Med. 44: 319-327Cools A. Johansson F.R. Cagnie B. et al.

Stretching the posterior shoulder structures in subjects with internal rotation deficit: Comparison of two stretching techniques.

Shoulder and Elbow. 4: 56-63De May K. Danneels L. Cagnie B. et al.

Scapular muscle rehabilitation exercises in overhead athletes with impingement symptoms: effect of a 6-week training program on muscle recruitment and functional outcome.

Am J Sports Med. 40: 1906-1915Borstad J.D. Ludewig P.M.

The effect of long versus short pectoralis minor resting length on scapular kinematics in healthy individuals.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 35: 227-238Borstad J.D. Ludewig P.M.

Comparison of three stretches for the pectoralis minor muscle.

J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 15: 324-330Sanchez F.J.N. Gonzalez J.G.

Influence of three accuracy levels of knowledge of results on motor skill acquisition.

J Hum Sport Exerc. 5: 476-484Sidaway B. Bates J. Occhiogrosso B. et al.

Interaction of feedback frequency and task difficulty in children’s motor skill learning.

Phys Ther. 92: 948-957Ramachandran V.S. Altschuler E.L.

The use of visual feedback, in particular mirror visual feedback, in restoring brain function.

Brain. 132: 1693-1710Mottram S.L. Woledge R.C. Morrissey D.

Motion analysis study of a scapular orientation exercise and subjects' ability to learn the exercise.

Man Ther. 14: 13-18Worsley P. Warner M. Mottram S. et al.

Motor control retraining exercises for shoulder impingement: effects on function, muscle activation, and biomechanics in young adults.

J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 22e11-e19Du W.Y. Huang T.S. Chiu Y.C. et al.

Single-session video and electromyography feedback in overhead athletes with scapular dyskinesis and impingement syndrome.

J Ath Train. 55: 265-273Antunes A. Carnide F. Matias R.

Real-time kinematic biofeedback improves scapulothoracic control and performance during scapular-focused exercises: a single-blind randomized controlled laboratory study.

Hum Mov Sci. 48: 44-53Weon J.H. Kwon O.Y. Cynn H.S. et al.

Real-time visual feedback can be used to activate scapular upward rotators in people with scapular winging: an experimental study.

J Physiother. 57: 101-107Oliver G.D. Plummer H.A. Gascon S.S.

Electromyographic analysis of traditional and kinetic chain exercises for dynamic shoulder movements.

J Strength Cond Res. 30: 3146-3154Oliver G.D. Washington J.K. Barfield J.W. et al.

Quantitative analysis of proximal and distal kinetic chain musculature during dynamic exercises.

J Strength Cond Res. 32: 1545-1553Wasserberger K.W. Downs J.L. Barfield J.W. et al.

Lumbopelvic-hip complex and scapular stabilizing muscle activations during fullbody exercises with and without resistance bands.

J Strength Cond Res. 34: 2840-2848De May K. Danneels L. Cagnie B. et al.

Are kinetic chain rowing exercises relevant in shoulder and trunk injury prevention training?.

Br J Sports Med. 45: 320Tsuruike M. Ellenbecker T.S. Kagaya Y. et al.

Analysis of scapular muscle EMG activity during elastic resistance oscillation exercises from the perspective of different arm positions.

Sports Health. 12: 395-400Colado J.C. Garcia-Masso X. Triplett T.N. et al.

Concurrent validation of the omniresistance exercise scale of perceived exertion with thera-band resistance bands.

J Strength Cond Res. 26: 3018-3024Odom C.J. Hurd C.E. Denegar C.R. et al.

Intratester and intertester reliability of the lateral scapular slide test and its ability to predict shoulder pathology.

J Ath Train. 30: s9Odom C.J. Taylor A.B. Hurd C.E. et al.

Measurement of scapular assymetry and assessment of shoulder dysfunction using the lateral scapular slide test: A reliability and validity study.

Phys Ther. 81: 799-809

Assessment of scapulohumeral rhythm for scapular plane shoulder elevation using a modified digital inclinometer.

World J Orthop. 3: 87-94

Validation of a new method for assessing scapular anterior-posterior tilt.

Int J Sports Phys Ther. 9: 644-656Watson L. Balster S.M. Finch C. et al.

Measurement of scapula upward rotation: a reliable clinical procedure.

Br J Sports Med. 39: 599-603Johnson M.P. McClure P.W. Karduna A.R.

New method to assess scapular upward rotation in subjects with shoulder pathology.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 31: 81-89

A method for the measurement of three-dimensional scapular movement.

Clin Biomech. 8 ()van-der-Helm F.C. Pronk G.M.

Three-dimensional recording and description of motions of the shoulder mechanism.

J Biomech Eng. 117: 27-40Lempereur M. Brochard S. Leboeuf F. et al.

Validity and reliability of 3D marker based scapular motion analysis: a systematic review.

J Biomech. 47: 2219-2230McClure P.W. Michener L.A. Sennett B.J. et al.

Direct 3-dimensional measurement of scapular kinematics during dynamic movements in vivo.

J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 10: 269-277Lawrence R.L. Braman J.P. LaPrade R.F. et al.

Comparison of 3-Dimensional shoulder complex kinematics in individuals with and without shoulder pain, part 1: sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, and scapulothoracic joints.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 44: 636-645Lawrence R.L. Braman J.P. Staker J.L. et al.

Comparison of 3-dimensional shoulder complex kinematics in individuals with and without shoulder pain, part 2: glenohumeral joint.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 44: 646-655Ludewig P.M. Phadke V. Braman J.P. et al.

Motion of the shoulder complex during multiplanar humeral elevation.

J Bone Joint Surg Am. 91A: 378-389D'hondt N.E. Kiers H. Pool J.J.M. et al.

Reliability of performance-based clinical measurements to assess shoulder girdle kinematics and positioning: systematic review.

Phys Ther. 97: 124-144D'hondt N.E. Pool J.J.M. Kiers H. et al.

Validity of clinical measurement instruments assessing scapular function: insufficient evidence to recommend any instrument for assessing scapular posture, movement, and dysfunction—a systematic review.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 50: 632-641Larsen C.M. Juul-Kristensen B. Lund H. et al.

Measurement properties of existing clinical assessment methods evaluating scapular positioning and function. A systematic review.

Physiother Theor Pract. 30: 453-482Parel I. Cutti A.G. Fiumana G. et al.

Ambulatory measurement of the scapulohumeral rhythm: Intra- and inter-operator agreement of a protocol based on inertial and magnetic sensors.

Gait Posture. 35: 636-640Pellegrini A. Tonino P. Paladini P. et al.

Motion analysis assessment of alterations in the scapulo-humeral rhythm after throwing in baseball pitchers.

Musculoskelet Surg. 97: S9-S13Cutti A.G. Parel I. Raggi M. et al.

Prediction bands and intervals for the scapulo-humeral coordination based on the Bootstrap and two Gaussian methods.

J Biomech. 47: 1035-1044Parel I. Cutti A.G. Kraszewski A. et al.

Intra-protocol repeatability and inter-protocol agreement for the analysis of scapulo-humeral coordination.

Med Biol Eng Comput. 52: 271-282Cutti A.G. Parel I. Pellegrini A. et al.

The Constant score and the assessment of scapula dyskinesis: Proposal and assessment of an integrated outcome measure.

J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 29: 81-89Silverson O.A. Lemaster N.G. Hettrich C.M. et al.

Reliability and validity of a clinical assessment tool for measuring scapular motion in all 3 anatomical planes.

J Ath Train. 56: 586-593