Rima M. Dafer, MD, MPH, Editor

Sex and gender disparities in health care are frequently encountered. 1 Mauvais-Jarvis F. Bairey Merz N. Barnes P.J. et al. Sex and gender: modifiers of health, disease, and medicine. The understanding of neurophysiologic differences between men and women and the emerging role of sex-related effect on brain structure and function are very intriguing, and both sex and gender independently play an important role in the prevalence and natural course of common neurologic diseases. Several neurologic conditions affect women differently than men, based on disease susceptibility, prevalence, pathophysiology, as well as clinical symptoms and disease severity. The response to treatment modalities may also differ among sexes, and tailored precision medicine may be necessary to halt disease progression and improve outcome. Despite these known distinctions, the sex effect on various neurologic conditions in women remains poorly studied, and clinical trials do not take into consideration the sex disparities, or the treatment response based on gender.