Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer. 2015;136(5):E359–86.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Gupta B, Johnson NW, Kumar N. Global epidemiology of head and neck cancers: a continuing challenge. Oncology. 2016;91(1):13–23.

Google Scholar 

Leemans CR, Snijders PJ, Brakenhoff RH. The molecular landscape of head and neck cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2018;18(5):269.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Scully C, Porter S. Oral cancer. West J Med. 2001;174(5):348–51.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Hwang E, Johnson-Obaseki S, McDonald JT, Connell C, Corsten M. Incidence of head and neck cancer and socioeconomic status in Canada from 1992 to 2007. Oral Oncol. 2013;49(11):1072–6.

Google Scholar 

Allen L, Williams J, Townsend N, Mikkelsen B, Roberts N, Foster C, Wickramasinghe K. Socioeconomic status and non-communicable disease behavioural risk factors in low-income and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5(3):e277–89.

Google Scholar 

Mummudi N, Agarwal J, Chatterjee S, Mallick I, Ghosh-Laskar S. Oral cavity cancer in the Indian subcontinent–challenges and opportunities. Clin Oncol. 2019;31(8):520–8.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Hsu W-L, Yu KJ, Chiang C-J, Chen T-C, Wang C-P. Head and neck cancer incidence trends in Taiwan, 1980–2014. Int J Head Neck Sci. 2017;1(3):180–9.

Google Scholar 

Westra WH, Lewis JS. Update from the 4th edition of the world health organization classification of head and neck tumours: oropharynx. Head Neck Pathol. 2017;11(1):41–7.

Google Scholar 

VanderWalde NA, Fleming M, Weiss J, Chera BS. Treatment of older patients with head and neck cancer: a review. Oncologist. 2013;18(5):568–78.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Santoni A, Santoni M, Arcuri E. Chronic cancer pain: opioids within tumor microenvironment affect neuroinflammation, tumor and pain evolution. Cancers (Basel). 2022;14(9):2253.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Johnson DE, Burtness B, Leemans CR, Lui VWY, Bauman JE, Grandis JR. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020;6(1):92.

Google Scholar 

Huber MA, Tantiwongkosi B. Oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Med Clin North Am. 2014;98(6):1299–321.

Google Scholar 

Rokaya D. Role of maxillofacial prosthetics in the head-and-neck cancer rehabilitation. Saint’s Int Dental J. 2021;5(2):35–35.

Google Scholar 

Amornvit P, Rokaya D, Shrestha B, Srithavaj T. Prosthetic rehabilitation of an ocular defect with post-enucleation socket syndrome: a case report. Saudi Dent J. 2014;26(1):29–32.

Google Scholar 

Humagain M, Rokaya D. Integrating digital technologies in dentistry to enhance the clinical success. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ). 2019;17(68):256–7.

Google Scholar 

Alqurashi H, Khurshid Z, Syed AUY, Rashid Habib S, Rokaya D, Zafar MS. Polyetherketoneketone (PEKK): an emerging biomaterial for oral implants and dental prostheses. J Adv Res. 2021;28:87–95.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Kolokythas A. Long-term surgical complications in the oral cancer patient: a comprehensive review. Part I. J Oral Maxillofac Res. 2010;1(3):e1.

Google Scholar 

Rigual N, Shafirstein G, Cooper MT, Baumann H, Bellnier DA, Sunar U, Tracy EC, Rohrbach DJ, Wilding G, Tan W, Sullivan M, Merzianu M, Henderson BW. Photodynamic therapy with 3-(1′-hexyloxyethyl) pyropheophorbide a for cancer of the oral cavity. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19(23):6605–13.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Rigual NR, Thankappan K, Cooper M, Sullivan MA, Dougherty T, Popat SR, Loree TR, Biel MA, Henderson B. Photodynamic therapy for head and neck dysplasia and cancer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;135(8):784–8.

Google Scholar 

Sonis ST. Mucositis as a biological process: a new hypothesis for the development of chemotherapy-induced stomatotoxicity. Oral Oncol. 1998;34(1):39–43.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Epstein JB, Thariat J, Bensadoun R-J, Barasch A, Murphy BA, Kolnick L, Popplewell L, Maghami E. Oral complications of cancer and cancer therapy. CA: Cancer J Clin. 2012;62(6):400–22.

Google Scholar 

Raber-Durlacher JE, Barasch A, Peterson DE, Lalla RV, Schubert MM, Fibbe WE. Oral complications and management considerations in patients treated with high-dose chemotherapy. Support Cancer Ther. 2004;1(4):219–29.

Google Scholar 

Dreizen S, Daly TE, Drane JB, Brown LR. Oral complications of cancer radiotherapy. Postgrad Med. 1977;61(2):85–92.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Rose-Ped AM, Bellm LA, Epstein JB, Trotti A, Gwede C, Fuchs HJ. Complications of radiation therapy for head and neck cancers. The patient’s perspective. Cancer Nurs. 2002;25(6):461–7.

Google Scholar 

Sroussi HY, Epstein JB, Bensadoun RJ, Saunders DP, Lalla RV, Migliorati CA, Heaivilin N, Zumsteg ZS. Common oral complications of head and neck cancer radiation therapy: mucositis, infections, saliva change, fibrosis, sensory dysfunctions, dental caries, periodontal disease, and osteoradionecrosis. Cancer Med. 2017;6(12):2918–31.

Google Scholar 

Nauta JM, van Leengoed HL, Star WM, Roodenburg JL, Witjes MJ, Vermey A. Photodynamic therapy of oral cancer. A review of basic mechanisms and clinical applications. Eur J Oral Sci. 1996;104:69–81.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Saini R, Lee NV, Liu KY, Poh CF. Prospects in the application of photodynamic therapy in oral cancer and premalignant lesions. Cancers (Basel). 2016;8(9):83.

Google Scholar 

Al-Sharif RM, Batwa DY, Alotaibi TN, Alwadai NM, Alsharif AH, Azhar NA, Moulana AA, Alahmadi SM, Althobaiti MY, Bayyumi DF, Alzahrani WI. Epidemiology and types of oral cancer. Int J Commut Med Public Health. 2022;9(2):6.

Google Scholar 

Banakar M, Ardekani ST, Zare R, Malekzadeh M, Mirhadi H, Khademi B, Rokaya D. Oral squamous cell carcinoma: the role of BIRC6 serum level. Biomed Res Int. 2022;2022:5425478.

Google Scholar 

Nyst HJ, Tan IB, Stewart FA, Balm AJ. Is photodynamic therapy a good alternative to surgery and radiotherapy in the treatment of head and neck cancer? Photodiagn Photodyn Ther. 2009;6(1):3–11.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Allison RR, Bagnato VS, Sibata CH. Future of oncologic photodynamic therapy. Future Oncol. 2010;6(6):929–40.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Dolmans DE, Fukumura D, Jain RK. Photodynamic therapy for cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003;3(5):380–7.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Robertson CA, Evans DH, Abrahamse H. Photodynamic therapy (PDT): a short review on cellular mechanisms and cancer research applications for PDT. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol. 2009;96(1):1–8.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Raghavendra M, Koregol A, Bhola S. Photodynamic therapy: a targeted therapy in periodontics. Aust Dent J. 2009;54(Suppl 1):S102–9.

Google Scholar 

Shafirstein G, Friedman A, Siegel E, Moreno M, Bäumler W, Fan CY, Morehead K, Vural E, Stack BC Jr, Suen JY. Using 5-aminolevulinic acid and pulsed dye laser for photodynamic treatment of oral leukoplakia. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011;137(11):1117–23.

Google Scholar 

Harada Y, Murayama Y, Takamatsu T, Otsuji E, Tanaka H. 5-Aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX fluorescence imaging for tumor detection: recent advances and challenges. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(12):6478.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Romeo U, Russo N, Palaia G, Tenore G, Del Vecchio A. Oral proliferative verrucous leukoplakia treated with the photodynamic therapy: a case report. Ann Stomatol. 2014;5(2):77–80.

Google Scholar 

Soukos NS, Goodson JM. Photodynamic therapy in the control of oral biofilms. Periodontology. 2011;55(1):143–66.

Google Scholar 

Mostafa D, Tarakji B. Photodynamic therapy in treatment of oral lichen planus. J Clin Med Res. 2015;7(6):393–9.

Google Scholar 

Choi SH, Kim KH, Song KH. Efficacy of ablative fractional laser-assisted photodynamic therapy for the treatment of actinic cheilitis: 12-month follow-up results of a prospective, randomized, comparative trial. Br J Dermatol. 2015;173(1):184–91.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Aghahosseini F, Arbabi-Kalati F, Fashtami LA, Djavid GE, Fateh M, Beitollahi JM. Methylene blue-mediated photodynamic therapy: a possible alternative treatment for oral lichen planus. Lasers Surg Med. 2006;38(1):33–8.

Google Scholar 

Takasaki AA, Aoki A, Mizutani K, Schwarz F, Sculean A, Wang CY, Koshy G, Romanos G, Ishikawa I, Izumi Y. Application of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in periodontal and peri-implant diseases. Periodontology. 2009;2000(51):109–40.

Google Scholar 

Aghahosseini F, Arbabi-Kalati F, Fashtami LA, Fateh M, Djavid GE. Treatment of oral lichen planus with photodynamic therapy mediated methylene blue: a case report. Med Oral, Patol Oral y Cirugia Bucal. 2006;11(2):E126–9.

Google Scholar 

Sadaksharam J, Nayaki KP, Selvam NP. Treatment of oral lichen planus with methylene blue mediated photodynamic therapy–a clinical study. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2012;28(2):97–101.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Pavlic V, Vujic-Aleksic V. Phototherapy approaches in treatment of oral lichen planus. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2014;30(1):15–24.

Google Scholar 

Sobaniec S, Bernaczyk P, Pietruski J, Cholewa M, Skurska A, Dolińska E, Duraj E, Tokajuk G, Paniczko A, Olszewska E, Pietruska M. Clinical assessment of the efficacy of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of oral lichen planus. Lasers Med Sci. 2013;28(1):311–6.

Google Scholar 

Ali-Seyed M, Bhuvaneswari R, Soo KC, Olivo M. Photolon™—photosensitization induces apoptosis via ROS-mediated cross-talk between mitochondria and lysosomes. Int J Oncol. 2011;39(4):821–31.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Andreadis D, Pavlou A-M, Sotiriou E, Vrani F, Ioannides D, Kolokotronis A. Utility of photodynamic therapy for the management of oral potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer. Transl Res Oral Oncol. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057178X16669161.

Google Scholar 

Jajarm HH, Falaki F, Sanatkhani M, Ahmadzadeh M, Ahrari F, Shafaee H. A comparative study of toluidine blue-mediated photodynamic therapy versus topical corticosteroids in the treatment of erosive-atrophic oral lichen planus: a randomized clinical controlled trial. Lasers Med Sci. 2015;30(5):1475–80.

Google Scholar 

Zanin IC, Lobo MM, Rodrigues LK, Pimenta LA, Höfling JF, Gonçalves RB. Photosensitization of in vitro biofilms by toluidine blue O combined with a light-emitting diode. Eur J Oral Sci. 2006;114(1):64–9.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Usacheva MN, Teichert MC, Biel MA. Comparison of the methylene blue and toluidine blue photobactericidal efficacy against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. Lasers Surg Med. 2001;29(2):165–73.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Kim MM, Darafsheh A. Light sources and dosimetry techniques for photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol. 2020;96(2):280–94.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Mang TS. Lasers and light sources for PDT: past, present and future. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther. 2004;1(1):43–8.

Google Scholar 

Brancaleon L, Moseley H. Laser and non-laser light sources for photodynamic therapy. Lasers Med Sci. 2002;17(3):173–86.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Wilson BC. Photodynamic therapy: light delivery and dosage for second-generation photosensitizers. Ciba Found Symp. 1989;146:60–73.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Saleh BEA, Teich MC. Fundamentals of photonics. Hoboken: Wiley; 2019.

Google Scholar 

Chen HM, Yu CH, Tu PC, Yeh CY, Tsai T, Chiang CP. Successful treatment of oral verrucous hyperplasia and oral leukoplakia with topical 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy. Lasers Surg Med. 2005;37(2):114–22.

Google Scholar 

Tsai JC, Chiang CP, Chen HM, Huang SB, Wang CW, Lee MI, Hsu YC, Chen CT, Tsai T. Photodynamic Therapy of oral dysplasia with topical 5-aminolevulinic acid and light-emitting diode array. Lasers Surg Med. 2004;34(1):18–24.

Google Scholar