*Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom;

†Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH;

‡Case School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH;

§Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden;

¶Department of Cardiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL;

‖Department of Cardiac Surgery, Queen Alia Heart Institute, Amman, Jordan;

**Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada; and

††Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.

Correspondence: Salil V. Deo, MD, Department of Surgery, Surgical Services, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, Ohio (e-mail: [email protected]).

N. Sattar consults for and research funding from Amgen, Janssen, and Astra Zeneca. The remaining authors report no conflicts of interest.

Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal's Web site (www.jcvp.org).

S. Deo—study concept & design, statistical analysis, and writing manuscript. P. Ueda—statistical analysis, study design, and critical revisions to manuscript. A. M. Sheikh—study design and writing manuscript. S. Altarabsheh—writing manuscript and critical revisions to manuscript. Y. Elgudin—critical revisions to manuscript. J. Rubelowsky—critical revisions to manuscript. B. Cmolik—critical revisions to manuscript. N. Hawkins—statistical analysis, study design, and critical revisions to manuscript. D. McAllister—study design and critical revisions to manuscript. M. Ruel—critical revisions to manuscript. N. Sattar—study design and critical revisions to manuscript. J. Pell—study design and critical revisions to manuscript.