Cohn JN. Plasma norepinephrine and mortality. Clin Cardiol. 1995; 18(3 Suppl I): I9–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.4960181304 

Hartupee J, Mann DL. Neurohormonal activation in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2017; 14(1): 30–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2016.163 

Lippi G, Sanchis-Gomar F. Global epidemiology and future trends of heart failure. AME Medical Journal. 2020; 5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21037/amj.2020.03.03 

Gaziano TA. Cardiovascular disease in the developing world and its cost-effective management. Circulation. 2005; 112(23): 3547–53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.591792 

Bromage DI, Cannatà A, Rind IA, Gregorio C, Piper S, Shah AM, et al. The impact of COVID-19 on heart failure hospitalization and management: report from a Heart Failure Unit in London during the peak of the pandemic. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020; 22(6): 978–84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1925 

Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2016; 37(27): 2129–200. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128 

Inglis SC, Clark RA, Dierckx R, Prieto-Merino D, Cleland JGF. Structured telephone support or non-invasive telemonitoring for patients with heart failure. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015(10). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007228.pub3 

Czeisler MÉ, Kristy Marynak M, Kristie EN, Clarke M, Zainab Salah M, Iju Shakya M, et al. Delay or avoidance of medical care because of COVID-19–related concerns. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020; 69: 1250–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6936a4 

Shea BJ, Reeves BC, Wells G, Thuku M, Hamel C, Moran J, et al. AMSTAR 2: A critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. BMJ. 2017; 358: j4008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j4008 

Cashin AG, McAuley JH. Clinimetrics: Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) Scale. Journal of Physiotherapy. 2020; 66(1): 59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphys.2019.08.005 

Allida S, Du H, Xu X, Prichard R, Chang S, Hickman LD, et al. mHealth education interventions in heart failure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020; 7(7): CD011845–CD. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011845.pub2 

Ferrante D, Varini S, Macchia A, Soifer S, Badra R, Nul D, et al. Long-term results after a telephone intervention in chronic heart failure: DIAL (Randomized Trial of Phone Intervention in Chronic Heart Failure) follow-up. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2010; 56(5): 372–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.03.049 

Pedone C, Rossi FF, Cecere A, Costanzo L, Antonelli Incalzi R. Efficacy of a physician-led multiparametric telemonitoring system in very old adults with heart failure. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015; 63(6): 1175–80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.13432 

Jerant AF, Azari R, Nesbitt TS. Reducing the cost of frequent hospital admissions for congestive heart failure: a randomized trial of a home telecare intervention. Med Care. 2001; 39(11): 1234–45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005650-200111000-00010 

Soran OZ, Piña IL, Lamas GA, Kelsey SF, Selzer F, Pilotte J, et al. A randomized clinical trial of the clinical effects of enhanced heart failure monitoring using a computer-based telephonic monitoring system in older minorities and women. J Card Fail. 2008; 14(9): 711–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2008.06.448 

Pekmezaris R, Nouryan CN, Schwartz R, Castillo S, Makaryus AN, Ahern D, et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing telehealth self-management to standard outpatient management in underserved Black and Hispanic patients living with heart failure. Telemed J E Health. 2019; 25(10): 917–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2018.0219 

Koehler F, Winkler S, Schieber M, Sechtem U, Stangl K, Böhm M, et al. Impact of remote telemedical management on mortality and hospitalizations in ambulatory patients with chronic heart failure: The telemedical interventional monitoring in heart failure study. Circulation. 2011; 123(17): 1873–80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.018473 

Mizukawa M, Moriyama M, Yamamoto H, Rahman MM, Naka M, Kitagawa T, et al. Nurse-led collaborative management using telemonitoring improves quality of life and prevention of rehospitalization in patients with heart failure. Int Heart J. 2019; 60(6): 1293–302. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1536/ihj.19-313 

Lyngå P, Persson H, Hägg-Martinell A, Hägglund E, Hagerman I, Langius-Eklöf A, et al. Weight monitoring in patients with severe heart failure (WISH). A randomized controlled trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2012; 14(4): 438–44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfs023 

Goldberg LR, Piette JD, Walsh MN, Frank TA, Jaski BE, Smith AL, et al. Randomized trial of a daily electronic home monitoring system in patients with advanced heart failure: The Weight Monitoring in Heart Failure (WHARF) trial. Am Heart J. 2003; 146(4): 705–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8703(03)00393-4 

Villani A, Malfatto G, Compare A, Della Rosa F, Bellardita L, Branzi G, et al. Clinical and psychological telemonitoring and telecare of high risk heart failure patients. J Telemed Telecare. 2014; 20(8): 468–75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X14555644 

Kenealy TW, Parsons MJ, Rouse AP, Doughty RN, Sheridan NF, Hindmarsh JK, et al. Telecare for diabetes, CHF or COPD: effect on quality of life, hospital use and costs. A randomised controlled trial and qualitative evaluation. PLoS One. 2015; 10(3): e0116188. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116188 

Riegel B, Carlson B, Kopp Z, LePetri B, Glaser D, Unger A. Effect of a standardized nurse case-management telephone intervention on resource use in patients with chronic heart failure. Arch Intern Med. 2002; 162(6): 705–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.6.705 

Benatar D, Bondmass M, Ghitelman J, Avitall B. Outcomes of chronic heart failure. Arch Intern Med. 2003; 163(3): 347–52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.163.3.347 

Dar O, Riley J, Chapman C, Dubrey SW, Morris S, Rosen SD, et al. A randomized trial of home telemonitoring in a typical elderly heart failure population in North West London: results of the Home-HF study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2009; 11(3): 319–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfn050 

Kurtz B, Lemercier M, Pouchin SC, Benmokhtar E, Vallet C, Cribier A, et al. Automated home telephone self-monitoring reduces hospitalization in patients with advanced heart failure. J Telemed Telecare. 2011; 17(6): 298–302. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1258/jtt.2011.100901 

Melin M, Hägglund E, Ullman B, Persson H, Hagerman I. Effects of a tablet computer on self-care, quality of life, and knowledge: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 2018; 33(4). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0000000000000462 

Antonicelli R, Mazzanti I, Abbatecola AM, Parati G. Impact of home patient telemonitoring on use of β-blockers in congestive heart failure. Drugs Aging. 2010; 27(10): 801–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/11538210-000000000-00000 

Baker DW, Dewalt DA, Schillinger D, Hawk V, Ruo B, Bibbins-Domingo K, et al. The effect of progressive, reinforcing telephone education and counseling versus brief educational intervention on knowledge, self-care behaviors and heart failure symptoms. J Card Fail. 2011; 17(10): 789–96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2011.06.374 

Blum K, Gottlieb SS. The effect of a randomized trial of home telemonitoring on medical costs, 30-day readmissions, mortality, and health-related quality of life in a cohort of community-dwelling heart failure patients. J Card Fail. 2014; 20(7): 513–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2014.04.016 

DeWalt DA, Malone RM, Bryant ME, Kosnar MC, Corr KE, Rothman RL, et al. A heart failure self-management program for patients of all literacy levels: A randomized, controlled trial [ISRCTN11535170]. BMC Health Services Research. 2006; 6(1): 30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-6-30 

Mortara A, Pinna GD, Johnson P, Maestri R, Capomolla S, La Rovere MT, et al. Home telemonitoring in heart failure patients: the HHH study (Home or Hospital in Heart Failure). Eur J Heart Fail. 2009; 11(3): 312–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfp022 

Seto E, Leonard KJ, Cafazzo JA, Barnsley J, Masino C, Ross HJ. Mobile phone-based telemonitoring for heart failure management: A randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2012; 14(1): e31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1909 

Wakefield BJ, Ward MM, Holman JE, Ray A, Scherubel M, Burns TL, et al. Evaluation of home telehealth following hospitalization for heart failure: A randomized trial. Telemed J E Health. 2008; 14(8): 753–61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2007.0131 

Woodend AK, Sherrard H, Fraser M, Stuewe L, Cheung T, Struthers C. Telehome monitoring in patients with cardiac disease who are at high risk of readmission. Heart Lung. 2008; 37(1): 36–45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2007.04.004 

Krum H, Forbes A, Yallop J, Driscoll A, Croucher J, Chan B, et al. Telephone support to rural and remote patients with heart failure: The Chronic Heart Failure Assessment by Telephone (CHAT) study. Cardiovasc Ther. 2013; 31(4): 230–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-5922.12009 

Andrews E, Berghofer K, Long J, Prescott A, Caboral-Stevens M. Satisfaction with the use of telehealth during COVID-19: An integrative review. Int J Nurs Stud Adv. 2020; 2: 100008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnsa.2020.100008 

Isautier JM, Copp T, Ayre J, Cvejic E, Meyerowitz-Katz G, Batcup C, et al. People’s experiences and satisfaction with telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia: Cross-Sectional survey study. J Med Internet Res. 2020; 22(12): e24531. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/24531 

Seferovic PM, Ponikowski P, Anker SD, Bauersachs J, Chioncel O, Cleland JGF, et al. Clinical practice update on heart failure 2019: Pharmacotherapy, procedures, devices and patient management. An expert consensus meeting report of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail. 2019; 21(10): 1169–86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1531 

Ahmed A, Aronow WS, Fleg JL. Higher New York Heart Association classes and increased mortality and hospitalization in patients with heart failure and preserved left ventricular function. Am Heart J. 2006; 151(2): 444–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2005.03.066 

Magsamen-Conrad K, Dillon JM, Billotte Verhoff C, Faulkner SL. Online health-information seeking among older populations: Family influences and the role of the medical professional. Health Commun. 2019; 34(8): 859–71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2018.1439265 

Koehler F, Winkler S, Schieber M, Sechtem U, Stangl K, Böhm M, et al. Impact of remote telemedical management on mortality and hospitalizations in ambulatory patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation. 2011; 123(17): 1873–80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.018473 

Organization WH. Implementing telemedicine services during COVID-19: Guiding principles and considerations for a stepwise approach. 2021. 

Frederix I, Caiani EG, Dendale P, Anker S, Bax J, Böhm A, et al. ESC e-Cardiology working group position paper: Overcoming challenges in digital health implementation in cardiovascular medicine. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2019; 26(11): 1166–77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487319832394 

Klindtworth K, Oster P, Hager K, Krause O, Bleidorn J, Schneider N. Living with and dying from advanced heart failure: Understanding the needs of older patients at the end of life. BMC Geriatrics. 2015; 15(1): 125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-015-0124-y 

Henkel DM, Redfield MM, Weston SA, Gerber Y, Roger VL. Death in heart failure. Circulation: Heart Failure. 2008; 1(2): 91–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.107.743146 

Lee DS, Gona P, Albano I, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ, Levy D, et al. A systematic assessment of causes of death after heart failure onset in the community: Impact of age at death, time period, and left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Circulation Heart Failure. 2011; 4(1): 36–43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.110.957480 

Italia L, Tomasoni D, Bisegna S, Pancaldi E, Stretti L, Adamo M, et al. COVID-19 and heart failure: From epidemiology during the pandemic to myocardial injury, myocarditis, and heart failure sequelae. Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine. 2021; 8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2021.713560 

Mosalpuria K, Agarwal SK, Yaemsiri S, Pierre-Louis B, Saba S, Alvarez R, et al. Outpatient management of heart failure in the United States, 2006–2008. Tex Heart Inst J. 2014; 41(3): 253–61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14503/THIJ-12-2947 

Lindsey BB, Villabona-Arenas CJ, Campbell F, Keeley AJ, Parker MD, Shah DR, et al. Characterising within-hospital SARS-CoV-2 transmission events using epidemiological and viral genomic data across two pandemic waves. Nature Communications. 2022; 13(1): 671. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28291-y 

Tada A, Omote K, Nagai T, Honda Y, Nakano H, Honda S, et al. Prevalence, determinants, and prognostic significance of hospital acquired pneumonia in patients with acute heart failure. J Clin Med. 2020; 9(7): 2219. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9072219 

Armaignac DL, Saxena A, Rubens M, Valle CA, Williams L-MS, Veledar E, et al. Impact of telemedicine on mortality, length of stay, and cost among patients in progressive care units: Experience from a large healthcare system. Crit Care Med. 2018; 46(5): 728–35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000002994 

Ekeland AG, Bowes A, Flottorp S. Effectiveness of telemedicine: A systematic review of reviews. Int J Med Inform. 2010; 79(11): 736–71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2010.08.006 

Steventon A, Ariti C, Fisher E, Bardsley M. Effect of telehealth on hospital utilisation and mortality in routine clinical practice: a matched control cohort study in an early adopter site. BMJ Open. 2016; 6(2): e009221. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009221 

Heo S, Lennie TA, Okoli C, Moser DK. Quality of life in patients with heart failure: Ask the patients. Heart & Lung: The Journal of Critical Care. 2009; 38(2): 100–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2008.04.002 

Juenger J, Schellberg D, Kraemer S, Haunstetter A, Zugck C, Herzog W, et al. Health related quality of life in patients with congestive heart failure: Comparison with other chronic diseases and relation to functional variables. Heart. 2002; 87(3): 235–41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/heart.87.3.235 

Pang L, Liu Z, Lin S, Liu Z, Liu H, Mai Z, et al. The effects of telemedicine on the quality of life of patients with lung cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2020; 11: 2040622320961597. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2040622320961597 

Cartwright M, Hirani SP, Rixon L, Beynon M, Doll H, Bower P, et al. Effect of telehealth on quality of life and psychological outcomes over 12 months (Whole Systems Demonstrator telehealth questionnaire study): Nested study of patient reported outcomes in a pragmatic, cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ: British Medical Journal. 2013; 346: f653. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f653 

Salah HM, Minhas AMK, Khan MS, Pandey A, Michos ED, Mentz RJ, et al. Causes of hospitalization in the USA between 2005 and 2018. European Heart Journal Open. 2021; 1(1): oeab001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjopen/oeab001 

Lahoz R, Fagan A, McSharry M, Proudfoot C, Corda S, Studer R. Recurrent heart failure hospitalizations are associated with increased cardiovascular mortality in patients with heart failure in Clinical Practice Research Datalink. ESC heart failure. 2020; 7(4): 1688–99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.12727 

Fonarow GC, Abraham WT, Albert NM, Stough WG, Gheorghiade M, Greenberg BH, et al. Factors identified as precipitating hospital admissions for heart failure and clinical outcomes: Findings from OPTIMIZE-HF. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2008; 168(8): 847–54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.168.8.847 

O’Connor M, Asdornwised U, Dempsey ML, Huffenberger A, Jost S, Flynn D, et al. Using telehealth to reduce all-cause 30-day hospital readmissions among heart failure patients receiving skilled home health services. Appl Clin Inform. 2016; 7(2): 238–47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2015-11-SOA-0157 

Kotooka N, Kitakaze M, Nagashima K, Asaka M, Kinugasa Y, Nochioka K, et al. The first multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of home telemonitoring for Japanese patients with heart failure: Home telemonitoring study for patients with heart failure (HOMES-HF). Heart Vessels. 2018; 33(8): 866–76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00380-018-1133-5 

Chaudhry SI, Mattera JA, Curtis JP, Spertus JA, Herrin J, Lin Z, et al. Telemonitoring in patients with heart failure. New England Journal of Medicine. 2010; 363(24): 2301–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1010029 

DeBusk RF, Miller NH, Parker KM, Bandura A, Kraemer HC, Cher DJ, et al. Care management for low-risk patients with heart failure. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2004; 141(8): 606–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-141-8-200410190-00008 

Xu H, Granger BB, Drake CD, Peterson ED, Dupre ME. Effectiveness of telemedicine visits in reducing 30-day readmissions among patients with heart failure during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Am Heart Assoc. 2022; 11(7): e023935. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.121.023935 

Rhatomy S, Prasetyo TE. Impact of COVID-19 on primary care visits: Lesson learnt from the early pandemic period. Journal of Community Empowerment for Health. 2020; 3(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jcoemph.57918 

Suspensi (Penghentian Sementara) Layanan Kewajiban Pelayanan Universal/Universal Service Obligation (KPU/USO) [press release]. Jakarta: The Ministry of Communication and Information Republic of Indonesia2015. 

Rizkinaswara L. Penggunaan internet di Indonesia Indonesia: Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika RI; 2019 [Available from: https://aptika.kominfo.go.id/2019/08/penggunaan-internet-di-indonesia/. 

Human and Resources Department BK. Telemedicine jadi kunci layanan kesehatan di masa pandemi Indonesia: Badan Penyelanggara Jaminan Sosial; 2022 [Available from: https://www.bpjs-kesehatan.go.id/bpjs/post/read/2022/2320/Telemedicine-Jadi-Kunci-Layanan-Kesehatan-di-Masa-Pandemi. 

Indonesia MoHotRo. Blueprint of digital health transformation strategy. Indonesia: Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia; 2021. 

Indonesia KKR. ASN Kemenkes Didorong Lahirkan Inovasi Baru Untuk Tingkatkan Pelayanan Kesehatan Indonesia: Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2022. 

Dwiputra B. Harkit I-CARE Jakarta, Indonesia: Harkit I-CARE; 2022. 

Thomas S, Rich MW. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and prognosis of heart failure in the elderly. Heart Fail Clin. 2007; 3(4): 381–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hfc.2007.07.004 

A S, AB A, RIP S, W S, AA S. Cost-Effectiveness of Telemedicine in Asia: A Scoping Review. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare. 2021; 14: 3587–96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S332579 

Nguyen HV, Tan GS, Tapp RJ, Mital S, Ting DS, Wong HT, et al. Cost-effectiveness of a National Telemedicine Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Program in Singapore. Ophthalmology. 2016; 123(12): 2571–80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.08.021 

Kruse CS, Soma M, Pulluri D, Nemali NT, Brooks M. The effectiveness of telemedicine in the management of chronic heart disease – A systematic review. JRSM Open. 2017; 8(3): 2054270416681747. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2054270416681747 

Vestergaard AS, Hansen L, Sørensen SS, Jensen MB, Ehlers LH. Is telehealthcare for heart failure patients cost-effective? An economic evaluation alongside the Danish TeleCare North heart failure trial. BMJ Open. 2020; 10(1): e031670. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031670 

Tersalvi G, Winterton D, Cioffi GM, Ghidini S, Roberto M, Biasco L, et al. Telemedicine in heart failure during COVID-19: A step into the future. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2020; 7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2020.612818 

Silva-Cardoso J, Juanatey JRG, Comin-Colet J, Sousa JM, Cavalheiro A, Moreira E. The future of telemedicine in the management of heart failure patients. Card Fail Rev. 2021; 7: e11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15420/cfr.2020.32 

Organization WH. Telemedicine: Opportunities and developments in Member States: Report on the second global survey on eHealth 2009. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.