Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE) is the gold standard for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) patients' treatment; however, in some cases, combined heart surgery is required, which increases the intervention risk (1). The left anterior descending artery myocardial bridge (LAD-MB) is difficult to derive, and treatment options are still being discussed (2). LAD-MB management depends on the functional significance of coronary artery damage; however, its assessment is difficult in conditions of high pulmonary hypertension (2). The clinical case presented the experience of simultaneous pulmonary thrombendarterectomy and supra-arterial myotomy.

A 36-year-old man was referred to the Almazov National Medical Research Centre with a history of progressive heart failure (NYHA III functional class), chest pain, and the presence of severe pulmonary hypertension (PH) according to a transthoracic echocardiographic evaluation (TTE). The patient had a documented history of acute pulmonary embolism with a delayed diagnosis and initiation of anticoagulant therapy. TTE showed right atrial and right ventricle dilatation with preserved right ventricle function, left ventricle size, and function, and the estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure was 120 mmHg (Table 1). Chest dual-energy CT-angiography and pulmonary angiography confirmed CTEPH (level II according to San Diego pulmonary endarterectomy disease levels) (Figures 1a,b). Right heart catheterization (RHC) defined precapillary PH: mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) of 59 mmHg, a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) of 13 mmHg, and a pulmonary vascular resistance of 7,98 Wood units. Riociguat treatment was started. Thrombophilia markers were tested, and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome was revealed as the main CTEPH risk factor. There were no data in favor of systemic lupus erythematosus or other systemic connective tissue diseases. Due to chest pain, selective coronary angiography was performed, and the LAD-MB was revealed. The length of the LAD-MD was ~25 mm, with left anterior descending artery stenosis in the systole reaching 70% (Figures 2a,c, arrowhead).

Table 1. Echocardiography parameters.

Figure 1. Pre- and post-operative selective pulmonary angiography. (a) Selective pulmonary angiography of the right pulmonary arteries identified: eccentric and extended stenoses in the segmental arteries A 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and occlusion of A 3, 9, 10; (b) left pulmonary artery: occlusion of the upper lobe branch, roughness of the contours of the lower lobe branch, and eccentric and extended stenoses in the segmental arteries of the lingual segment and lower lobe; (c,d) selective pulmonary angiography after surgery.

Figure 2. Pre- and post-operative view of coronary angiography. (a) An intramyocardially located section of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) in the middle third with stenosis in the systole up to 60–70%; (c) the systolic phase of the LAD-MB after the surgery; (b,d) the diastolic phase of the LAD-MB before and after the operation.

Considering confirmed CTEPH with a level II lesion (San Diego classification of pulmonary endarterectomy disease levels) and a significant myocardial bridge of the left anterior descending artery, a pulmonary thromboendarterectomy in combination with a supracoronary myotomy was performed. Intraoperative revision showed LAD-MB lying at a depth of 4–5 mm for 20–22 mm (Figure 3), suggesting that a supra-arterial myotomy may be performed while the patient was being warmed up. Total surgery time was 330 min, and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) time was 73 min (four sessions were carried out). At the end of the operation, the mean pulmonary pressure had decreased by 65% and was 25 mmHg. The full view of endarterectomized tissues is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 3. Intraoperative view of LAD-MB. The left anterior descending artery myocardial bridge lies at a depth of 4–5 mm with a length of 20–22 mm. LAD-MB was located on the border of the middle and distal thirds of the artery.

Figure 4. Intraoperative view of endarterectomized tissues.

The postoperative period was characterized by moderate cardiovascular and respiratory insufficiency without signs of reperfusion edema. The patient was extubated 22 h after the surgery. The intensive care unit treatment lasted 45 h without requiring PAH-targeted therapy. The patient was discharged on the 12th day after surgery with much dyspnea regression. Only vitamin K antagonists' treatment was prescribed.

The patient's health significantly improved and had no dyspnea at 8 months of follow-up. Selective pulmonary angiography demonstrated preserved blood flow over all pulmonary fields. No stenosis and occlusion of segmental branches were visible (Figures 1c,d). Coronary angiography found no local stenosis of the LAD artery (Figures 2c,d). The control RHC showed normalization of pulmonary hemodynamics with a reduced mean pulmonary artery pressure of 22 mmHg and an RVR of 1.7 WU (Table 2).

Table 2. Right heart catheterization parameters.

In our case, the final diagnosis was chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension with the third functional class according to the WHO classification of PH, CHD, and LAD-MB, with up to 70% stenosis in the systole. The surgical treatment was sternotomy, pulmonary endarterectomy, and simultaneous supracoronary myotomy of the LAD-MB.

Besides, our case demonstrates the complexity of the LAD-MB functional significance assessment in patients with CTEPH. Due to chest pain is a common complaint in such patients, it can be difficult to distinguish it from angina pectoris. It should be noted that stress echocardiography performance was limited by high pulmonary hypertension because the patient even could not perform any daily life activities. The pharmacological test to clarify the LAD-MB significance was limited by the riociguate treatment (adverse drug interactions). Additionally, nitroglycerin intracoronary administration for LAD-MB severity evaluation can sometimes increase artery narrowing in the bridge segment and vasodilate adjacent non-bridged coronary segments with myocardial ischemia occurrence (3).

In addition, Maeda and his colleagues observed the prevalence of plaque formation proximal to the bridged segment (4). Some reports showed that damaged segments stay free of plaques, likely due to the systolic compression of those segments, with subsequent improved lymphatic drainage and decreased lipid accumulation in those segments. Plaque formation in the artery upstream of the bridged segment has been frequently reported, especially after intravascular ultrasonography, which helped detect lesions not previously detected by angiography (5). This can be explained by endothelial injury associated with flow disturbances and wall shear stress at that proximal segment. Progression of proximal plaque formation is thought to increase with age, as evidenced in the study by Maeda and colleagues (4). Their study population was composed of patients aged 11–20 years, with a plaque burden of almost 19%, lower than that reported in adults (34%). Nonetheless, the presence of plaque in this young adult patient cohort with myocardial bridges is an important and concerning finding that may warrant a more aggressive approach in these cases.

Thereby LAD-MB potentially can be associated with acute coronary symptoms or with atherosclerotic disease progression. It is unknown whether patients with asymptomatic myocardial bridges should be medically treated or whether they should be exercise restricted for acute coronary event prevention. Further evaluation of myocardial bridges natural history may be necessary for these patients care and the adverse events occurance decrease (6).

A number of studies show that safe LAD-MB surgery can be considered if the narrowed segment of the artery lies at a depth of no more than 5 mm and a length of no more than 25 mm (7, 8). In our case, when assessing the narrowed segment intraoperatively, it was revealed that the bridge lies at a depth of 4–5 mm with a length of 20–22 mm. LAD-MB was located on the border of the middle and distal thirds of the artery. Furthermore, there was no artery narrowing in the LAD-MB segment in the diastole phase during coronary angiography before the operation.

All of the above arguments, combined with the procedure's technical feasibility, led us to decide on a combined cardiac surgery intervention for this CTEPH patient.

This work was financially supported by a Russian Science Foundation Grant (No. 22-25-20132, https://rscf.ru/project/22-25-20132/).

1. Thistlethwaite PA, Auger WR, Madani MM, Pradhan S, Kapelanski DP, et al. Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy combined with other cardiac operations: indications, surgical approach, and outcome. Ann Thorac Surg. (2001) 72:13–7; discussion 17–9. doi: 10.1016/S0003-4975(01)02686-8

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

2. Tarantini G, Migliore F, Cademartiri F, Fraccaro C, Iliceto S. Left anterior descending artery myocardial bridging: a clinical approach. J Am Coll Cardiol. (2016) 68:2887–99. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.09.973

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

3. Hongo Y, Tada H, Ito K, Yasumura Y, Miyatake K, Yamagishi M. Augmentation of vessel squeezing at the coronary-myocardial bridge by nitroglycerin: a study by quantitative coronary angiography and intravascular ultrasound. Am Heart J. (1999) 138:345–50. doi: 10.1016/S0002-8703(99)70123-7

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

4. Maeda K, Schnittger I, Murphy DJ, Tremmel JA, Boyd JH, Peng L, et al. Surgical unroofing of hemodynamically significant myocardial bridges in a pediatric population. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. (2018) 156:1618–26. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.01.081

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

5. Corban MT, Hung OY, Eshtehardi P, Rasoul-Arzrumly E, McDaniel M, Mekonnen G, et al. Myocardial bridging: contemporary understanding of pathophysiology with implications for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. J Am Coll Cardiol. (2014) 63:2346–55. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.01.049

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

8. Huang XH, Wang SY, Xu JP, Song YH, Sun HS, Tang Y, et al. Surgical outcome and clinical follow-up in patients with symptomatic myocardial bridging. Chin Med J (Eng). (2007) 120:1563–6. doi: 10.1097/00029330-200709020-00001

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar