Volume 162, February 2023, 156089Author links open overlay panelAbstract

Chemerin is a protein encoded by the Rarres2 gene that acts through endocrine or paracrine regulation. Chemerin can bind to its receptor, regulate insulin sensitivity and adipocyte differentiation, and thus affect glucose and lipid metabolism. There is growing evidence that it also plays an important role in diseases such as inflammation and cancer. Chemerin has been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and metabolic diseases caused by leukocyte chemoattractants in a variety of organs, but its biological function remains controversial. In conclusion, the exciting findings collected over the past few years clearly indicate that targeting Chemerin signaling as a biological target will be a major research goal in the future. This article reviews the pathophysiological roles of Chemerin in various systems and diseases,and expect to provide a rationale for its role as a clinical therapeutic target.

Section snippetsChemerin

Chemerin is an inflammatory chemokine, originally identified as a novel retinoic acid response gene in psoriatic skin lesions, with immunomodulatory effects, and recently identified as one of the adipokines with autocrine, paracrine and even endocrine effects in the body. [1]Chemerin is widely found in endocrine and muscle tissue, skin, lung, liver, pancreas and adipose tissue, but is most abundant in adipose tissue and liver. [2]As an inactive precursor, the first N-terminal 20-amino acid

Chemerin and inflammation

Neutrophils recruited early in the inflammatory response release cathepsin G and elastase upon activation to induce active chemerin production, which further recruits CD56(-) CD16(+) NK cells and macrophages through its receptor ChemR23 and also mediates editing of maturing dendritic cells. This process links innates and adaptive immunity. [7] Blood chemerin concentrations were significantly higher in obese children compared with normal-weight children, suggesting that obesity may produce

Chemerin and cancer

Chemerin is a pleiotropic protein that has been shown to affect tumor growth. Such as neuroblastoma [27] skin squamous cell carcinoma[28] ovarian cancer[29], [30] melanoma [31] and so on. It mediates chemotaxis of several subsets of chemotherapeutic receptor-expressing leukocytes frequently present in the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, Chemerin signaling may play a role in cancer immunology through these mechanisms. Chemerin appears to be a potent regulator of tumor transformation, but the

Chemerin and obesity

Diabetes and obesity are a growing public health concern. As an adipokine, Chemerin is involved in insulin sensitivity and metabolism in addition to its important role in promoting adipogenesis, preadipocyte differentiation, adipocyte development and metabolism. Glucose metabolism, but the relationship between Chemerin and insulin resistance/insulin sensitivity is currently not fully understood.

Chemerin and polycystic ovary syndrome

Studies have found that Chemerin levels are increased in circulating and adipose tissue in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and are up-regulated by insulin, whereas treatment with metformin significantly reduces circulating Chemerin levels in women with PCOS, suggesting that Chemerin is closely related to insulin resistance [63]. Furthermore, research data show that Chemerin can be used as a marker of insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome [64]. A recent study

Chemerin and central nervous system

Chemerin and its receptor gene expression is localized in monocytes and ependymal cells. Patients with acute cerebral infarction and neurological deficits,[74] migraine patients[75], and children with idiopathic epilepsy[76] all show increased Chemerin levels, but the pathogenic mechanism is still unclear.

In Alzheimer's disease (AD), ChemR23 was detected in neurons and glial cells in all brain regions examined, and levels were significantly higher in AD than in controls. Receptor levels

Summarize

Chemerin is a pleiotropic factor involved in inflammation, adipogenesis, angiogenesis and energy metabolism. And it has been shown to play a role in a variety of diseases. (Table 1) However, due to different tissue specificity, it can promote disease development in inflammatory bowel disease, hepatitis, esophageal cancer, and gastric cancer, but it can hinder progress in allergic pneumonia and breast cancer, which also reflects the complexity of protein functions, but the research on Chemerin

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Gengyu Yue: Writing – original draft. Qimin An: Writing – original draft. Xiaolin Xu: Resources, Data curation. Zhe Jin: Resources, Data curation. Jianhong Ding: Resources, Data curation. Yanxia Hu: Resources, Data curation. Qian Du: Resources. Jingyu Xu: Visualization, Supervision, Funding acquisition. Rui Xie: Writing – review & editing, Funding acquisition.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Professor Biguang Tuo (Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University) for their highly professional services.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Funding

This study was supported by research grants the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.82170628; No.81970541; No.31960151; No.32160208), the Guizhou Provincial Department of Science and Technology Excellent Youth Project ([2021]5647), the Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Ministry of Education (2020-39) and the Basic Research Key Program of Guizhou Province (ZK [2021] key 004)

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