Figure 2. Built bioinspired buildings located in France (a) Ecole des sciences et de la biodiversité, Boulogne-Billancourt, 2015 © ChartierDalix – Takuji Shimmura, (b) D2 tower © Pierre Elie de Pibrac, (c) © ArtBuild, (d) © In Situ Architecture, (e) © Rougerie+Tangram, (f) © Tryptique Architecture.

Figure 2. Built bioinspired buildings located in France (a) Ecole des sciences et de la biodiversité, Boulogne-Billancourt, 2015 © ChartierDalix – Takuji Shimmura, (b) D2 tower © Pierre Elie de Pibrac, (c) © ArtBuild, (d) © In Situ Architecture, (e) © Rougerie+Tangram, (f) © Tryptique Architecture.

Figure 3. Proposed projects for the Marine Biomimetic Centre of Biarritz, 2019 (a) winning project © Arotcharen architecture studio, (b) Estran © Bechu & Partners, (c) © Tangram & Tangram Lab, (d) © ChartierDalix.

Figure 3. Proposed projects for the Marine Biomimetic Centre of Biarritz, 2019 (a) winning project © Arotcharen architecture studio, (b) Estran © Bechu & Partners, (c) © Tangram & Tangram Lab, (d) © ChartierDalix.

Figure 4. Vegetal cities, © Luc Schuiten. (a) Lyon in 2100, (b) Strasbourg in 2100.

Table 1. Examples of French built projects referred as bioinspired and located in France. The detailed of the projects can be founded in the source document ‘Projets urbains bio-inspirés: un état des lieux des projets français’, Biomim’ City Lab & Ceebios, 2021, Paris, France’ [34]. Table 1. Examples of French built projects referred as bioinspired and located in France. The detailed of the projects can be founded in the source document ‘Projets urbains bio-inspirés: un état des lieux des projets français’, Biomim’ City Lab & Ceebios, 2021, Paris, France’ [34]. Project NameDescriptionStatusEcotone, Arcueil (France)Mixed-use building designed by the Tryptique, Oxxo, and Parc Architects [41]Under constructionSchool of Science and Biodiversity, Boulogne (France)School group project designed by Chartier Dalix Architects [42]Built in 2014. Tower D2, Paris (France)Office building design by Bechu & Associates [43]Built in 2015Biolum’Reef, Marseille (France)Conceptual eco-green inhabited reef designed by Tangram Architects [44]Unbuilt conceptual projectSpiral house, Paris (France)Individual house design by In Situ Architecture [45]Built in 2007CIRC, Lyon (France)Headquarters of the International Agency for Research on Cancer designed by Art & Build [23]Under construction

Table 2. Examples of French academic and industrial research programs in biomimicry for the built environment carried out over the last ten years. (*) indicates the organization that initiates the program.

Table 2. Examples of French academic and industrial research programs in biomimicry for the built environment carried out over the last ten years. (*) indicates the organization that initiates the program.

Research Programs for System DevelopmentDescription
of the ProjectPartnerships
(* Project Leader)Maturity SymBiO25-year research program for the development of biological solar panels for microalgae culture [49,50,51]XTU Architects *
Lab Gepea, FrancePrototype (Algo House pavilion, Paris) [51]Biolum’Archi3-year research program for the development of bioluminescence light system [52]Tangram Lab *
Tangram + Rougerie
Mediterranean Institute of OceanologyResearchR&D project on ‘biomimetic kinetic solar shading device’Research for the development of an adaptive shading system inspired by flowers’ deployment mechanism [23,53]Art & Build *Prototype of the facade Pho’liage Research programs for methodology development Bioinspired program, including a doctoral thesisApplied research program for the development of bioinspired building systems [54]Nobatek/INEF4 *
I2M lab, MNHN (Mecadev)PhD completed in 2022Doctoral thesisApplied research for the development of tools to design multifunctional building skins [35]Ceebios *
MNHN (Mecadev), VicatPhD completed in 2021Doctoral thesisApplied research for the development of tools to design regenerative urban environments [36]Ceebios *
MNHN (Cesco)PhD completed in 2022Research in biomimetics by the company Saint GobainComparative review of living systems’ thermal regulation processes for building solutions [55]Saint-Gobain *
MNHN-Lab MECADEVJournal paper published in 2019BioMIGApplied research on bioinspired materials for cross-industry sustainable applications [56]Ceebios, consortium (industry + public & private research)Multi-year program started in 2021

Table 3. Four calls for projects integrating biomimicry and regenerative requirements.

Table 3. Four calls for projects integrating biomimicry and regenerative requirements.

ProjectsDescription StatusMarine Biomimetic Centre, Biarritz (France)5800 m2, public building. Open innovation centre in biomimetics and marine biology [36]2018—contract awarded by Patrick Arotecharen architecture studioTheatre hall,
Saintes (France)120 m2, public building for the students of the high school of Saintes [64]2019—unknownConservatory,
Senlis (France)2000 m2, renovation and extension of a military barrack into an academy of dance and music [65]2022—evaluation of the building proposalsBusiness Park, La Base 217, Essonne (France)35 hectares of a mixed-use business park [66]2021—unknown

Table 4. Overview of the diversity of courses in biomimicry in architecture and urban planning taught by French institutions.

Table 4. Overview of the diversity of courses in biomimicry in architecture and urban planning taught by French institutions.

Short-Term Courses Description of the CoursesPublicSessionsENSAG: National School of Architecture of Grenoble25-h course in biomimicry for regenerative design in architecture and urban planning. Optional course 40 undergraduate students in architecture and design1 session per year since 2018ENSA PVS: National School of Architecture of Paris Val de Seine35-h course in biomimicry and multi-regulation for the design of bio-inspired building envelopes. Optional course (in partnership with ICADE and Ceebios)40 undergraduate students in architecture and civil engineering 1 session in 2018ENSA PLV: National School of Architecture Paris la Villette1-year course in digital architectural design and biomimicry. Optional course (in partnership with MAP MAACC CNRS) 15 to 25 undergraduate students in architecture2 semesters, 1 day per weekMaster’s in urban planning and development; University of Toulouse Jean-Jaurès1-year course in new forms of innovation in urban planning through the biomimetic approach. Master course and research on nature-based solutions [74]50 undergraduate students in urban planning1 session per year since 2018Long-term courses NID: Master of Sciences Nature Inspired Design, Paris1-year master’s degree designed to train project managers in design and biomimicry, capable of mobilizing bio-inspired/nature-based solutions to contemporary challenges [75]12 postgraduate students per year1 session per year since 2020BIM-Master of Bio-inspired Materials, Pau2-year master’s exploring innovative approaches to develop materials inspired by living systems with special regard to their composition, function, structure, architectures, and processing, and in line with environmental sustainability [76]12 postgraduate students or professionals with major education in biology, physics, and chemistry1 session per year since 2022Ceebios (Paris)2-days training in bio-inspired architecture and urban planning for a professional of the building sector [31]Professional3 sessions per year since 2022