Vilstrup H, Amodio P, Bajaj J, et al. Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: 2014 practice guideline by the American association for the study of liver diseases and the European association for the study of the liver. Hepatology. 2014;60:715–35.

Article  Google Scholar 

Patidar KR, Bajaj JS. Covert and overt hepatic encephalopathy: diagnosis and management. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13:2048–61.

Article  Google Scholar 

Rose CF, Amodio P, Bajaj JS, et al. Hepatic encephalopathy: Novel insights into classification, pathophysiology and therapy. J Hepatol. 2020;73:1526–47.

Article  Google Scholar 

Patidar KR, Thacker LR, Wade JB, et al. Covert hepatic encephalopathy is independently associated with poor survival and increased risk of hospitalization. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109:1757–63.

Article  Google Scholar 

Miyaaki H, Hiraoka A, Haraguchi M, et al. Proposal for new sleep disorder criteria in patients with chronic liver disease: Influence of liver-related complications. Hepatol Res. 2022;52:364–70.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Bajaj JS, Lauridsen M, Tapper EB, et al. Important unresolved questions in the management of hepatic encephalopathy: an ISHEN consensus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020;115:989–1002.

Article  Google Scholar 

Yoshiji H, Nagoshi S, Akahane T, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for liver cirrhosis 2020. J Gastroenterol. 2021;56:593–619.

Article  Google Scholar 

Yoshiji H, Nagoshi S, Akahane T, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for liver cirrhosis 2020. Hepatol Res. 2021;51:725–49.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bajaj JS, Etemadian A, Hafeezullah M, et al. Testing for minimal hepatic encephalopathy in the United States: An AASLD survey. Hepatology. 2007;45:833–4.

Article  Google Scholar 

Tapper EB. Predicting overt hepatic encephalopathy for the population with cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2019;70:403–9.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bajaj JS, Thacker LR, Heuman DM, et al. The Stroop smartphone application is a short and valid method to screen for minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology. 2013;58:1122–32.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bajaj JS, Heuman DM, Sterling RK, et al. Validation of EncephalApp, smartphone-based stroop test, for the diagnosis of covert hepatic encephalopathy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13:1828-35.e1.

Article  Google Scholar 

Allampati S, Duarte-Rojo A, Thacker LR, et al. Diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy using Stroop EncephalApp: a multicenter US-based norm-based study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111:78–86.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hanai T, Shiraki M, Nishimura K, et al. Usefulness of the Stroop test in diagnosing minimal hepatic encephalopathy and predicting overt hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatol Commun. 2021;5:1518–26.

Article  Google Scholar 

Zeng X, Li XX, Shi PM, et al. Utility of the EncephalApp stroop test for covert hepatic encephalopathy screening in Chinese cirrhotic patients. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;34:1843–50.

Article  Google Scholar 

Acharya C, Shaw J, Duong N, et al. QuickStroop, a shortened version of EncephalApp, detects covert hepatic encephalopathy with similar accuracy within one minute. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;S1542–3565(22):00005–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2021.12.047.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kondo Y, Iwasa M, Kawaratani H, et al. Proposal of Stroop test cut-off values as screening for neuropsychological impairments in cirrhosis: a Japanese multicenter study. Hepatol Res. 2021;51:674–81.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

United Nations Development Programm: Human Development Reports. http://hdr.undp.org/en/data. Accessed 2 March 2022.

Corrias M, Turco M, Rui MD, et al. Covert hepatic encephalopathy: does the mini-mental state examination help? J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2014;4:89–93.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kawaguchi T, Konishi M, Kato A, et al. Updating the neuropsychological test system in Japan for the elderly and in a modern touch screen tablet society by resetting the cut-off values. Hepatol Res. 2017;47:1335–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Tapper EB, Parikh ND, Waljee AK, et al. Diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy: a systematic review of point-of-care diagnostic tests. Am J Gastroenterol. 2018;113:529–38.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ferenci P, Lockwood A, Mullen K, et al. Hepatic encephalopathy–definition, nomenclature, diagnosis, and quantification: final report of the working party at the 11th World Congresses of Gastroenterology, Vienna, 1998. Hepatology. 2002;35:716–21.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bajaj JS, Cordoba J, Mullen KD, et al. Review article: the design of clinical trials in hepatic encephalopathy–an International Society for Hepatic Encephalopathy and Nitrogen Metabolism (ISHEN) consensus statement. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;33:739–47.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Banich MT, Milham MP, Atchley R, et al. fMri studies of Stroop tasks reveal unique roles of anterior and posterior brain systems in attentional selection. J Cogn Neurosci. 2000;12:988–1000.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Gruber SA, Rogowska J, Holcomb P, et al. Stroop performance in normal control subjects: an fMRI study. Neuroimage. 2002;16:349–60.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kaps L, Hildebrand K, Nagel M, et al. Validation of EncephalApp_Stroop as screening tool for the detection of minimal hepatic encephalopathy in German patients with liver cirrhosis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2022;46: 101873.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Luo M, Yu XB, Hu SJ, et al. EncephalApp Stroop App predicts poor sleep quality in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy due to hepatitis B-induced liver cirrhosis. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2020;26:120–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Cunha-Silva M, Neto FLP, de Araújo PS, et al. EncephalApp Stroop test validation for the screening of minimal hepatic encephalopathy in Brazil. Ann Hepatol. 2022;27: 100543.

Article  Google Scholar 

Enomoto H, Ueno Y, Hiasa Y, et al. Transition in the etiology of liver cirrhosis in Japan: a nationwide survey. J Gastroenterol. 2020;55:353–62.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kamimura K, Sakamaki A, Kamimura H, et al. Considerations of elderly factors to manage the complication of liver cirrhosis in elderly patients. World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25:1817–27.

Article  Google Scholar 

Montagnese S, Pierre-Emmanuel R, Romero-Gómez M, Stolze Larsen F, Shawcross DL, Thabut D, Vilstrup H, Weissenborn K. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatic encephalopathy. J Hepatol. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2022.06.001.

Article  Google Scholar