Rudloff JM. Fractures of the lower extremity. In: Azar FM, Beaty JH, Canale ST. editor. Campbell’s Operative Orthopaedics.13th edition. Philadelphia PA; Elsevier;2017, 2740.

Mahmood, A., & Kumar, G. (2014). Review of the treatment of distal tibia metaphyseal Fracture; plating versus intramedullary nailing: A systematic review of recent evidence. Foot and ankle surgery, 20(2), 151.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lerner, A., & Stein, H. (2004). Hybrid thin wire external fixation: An effective, minimally invasive, modular surgical tool for the stabilization of periarticular fractures. Orthopaedics., 27, 59–62.

Article  Google Scholar 

Cheng W, Li Y, Manyi W. Comparison study of two surgical options for distal tibia fracture—minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis vs. open reduction and internal fixation. International orthopaedics. 2011 May 1;35(5):737–42.

Wood GW 2. General principles of fracture treatment. In: Azar FM, Beaty JH, Canale ST. editor. Campbell’s Operative Orthopaedics. Mosby 10th edition. Philadelphia PA; Elsevier;2003, 2671–2723.

Rudloff MJ. Fractures of the lower extremity. In: Azar FM, Beaty JH, Canale ST. editor. Campbell’s Operative Orthopaedics.13th edition. Philadelphia PA; Elsevier;2013, 2741.

Huebner EJ, Ibiher N, Kubosch DC, Suedkamp NP, Strohm PC. Distal tibia fractures and pilon fractures. ActaChirOrthopTraumatolCech 2014; 167–176.

Gopal, S., Majumder, S., Batchelor, A. G., Knight, S. L., De Boer, P., & Smith, R. M. (2000). Fix and flap: The radical orthopedic and plastic treatment of severe open fractures of the tibia. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume, 82, 959–966.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Hutson, J., Dayicioglu, D., Oeltjen, J., Panthaki, Z., & Armstrong, M. (2010). The treatment of Gustilo grade IIIB tibia fractures with application of antibiotic spacer, flap, and sequential distraction osteogenesis. Annals of Plastic Surgery, 64, 541–552.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Sibbald RG, Mahoney J, V.A.C.® Therapy Canadian Consensus Group. A consensus report on the use of vacuum-assisted closure in chronic, difficult-to-heal wounds. Ostomy Wound Manage 2003; 49: 52– 66.

Babies GC, Kontovazenitis P, Evangelopoulos DS, Tsailas p, Nikolopoulos K, Soucacos PN. Distal tibia fractures treated with hybrid external fixation. Injury 2010; 253–258.

May, J. D., Paavana, T., McGregor-Riley, J., & Royston, S. (2017). Closed Tibial shaft fractures treated with the Ilizarov method: A ten years case series. Injury, 48(7), 1613–1615.

Article  Google Scholar 

S. Rajasekaran, A. Devendra, R. Perumal, J. Dheenadhayalan,and S.R. Sundararajan. "Initial Management of Open Fractures". in Rockwood and Green's fractures in Adults, 8th edition, Walter Kluwert,2015; volume 1, chapter 10, p371–372.

British Orthopaedic Association recommendations (Open fractures of lower limb), Online Recommendations September 2009.

Makhdoom, A., Maheshwari, L. D., Laghari, M. A., Tahir, S. M., Ali, S. M., & Siddiqui, K. A. (2015). Open proximal & distal fractures of tibia treated with Naseer Awais External Fixator with T-clamp. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 1(65), 727–732.

Google Scholar 

Solomin L. The basic principles of external skeletal fixation using the Ilizarov device. Springer Science & Business Media; 2008 Sep 11.:184.

Ristiniemi J,Flinkkila T,Hyvonem P,Lakovaara M,Pakarinen H,Biancari F,Jalovaara P.Two ring hybrid external fixation of distal tibial fractures:a review of 47 cases.J Trauma.2007 Jan;62(1):174–83.

Kitaoka, H. B., Alexander, I. J., Adelaar, R. S., Nunley, J. A., Myerson, M. S., & Sanders, M. (1994). Clinical rating systems for the ankle-hindfoot, midfoot, hallux, and lesser toes. Foot & ankle international., 15(7), 349–353.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Weinlein JC.Delayed union and non-union of fractures. In: Azar FM, Beaty JH, Canale ST. editor. Campbell’s Operative Orthopaedics, 13th edition. Philadelphia; Elsevier;2017; 3081–3082

Boulton C and O’Toole RV. Tibia and Fibula Shaft Fractures. In: Charles MC, Heckman JD, McQueen MM, Ricci WM, Tornetta P. editor. Rockwood and Green's fractures in Adults, 8th edition, Philadelphia, Wolter Kluwer Health; 2015,2429.

Gustilo, R. B., & Anderson, J. T. (1976). Prevention of infection in the treatment of one thousand and twenty-five open fractures of long bones: Retrospective and prospective analyses. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume, 58, 453–538.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Gustilo, R. B., Mendoza, R. M., & Williams, D. N. (1984). Problems in the management of type III (severe) open fractures: A new classification of type III open fractures. Journal of Trauma, 24, 742–746.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Johner, R., & Wruhs, O. (1983). Classification of tibial shaft fractures and correlation with results after rigid internal fixation. Clinical orthopaedics and related research., 1(178), 7–25.

Article  Google Scholar 

Leung, F., Kwok, H. Y., Pun, T. S., & Chow, S. P. (2004). Limited open reduction and Ilizarov external fixation in the treatment of distal tibial fractures. Injury, 35(3), 278–283.

Article  Google Scholar 

Tornetta 3rd P, Weiner L, Bergman M, et al. Pilon fractures: treatment with combined internal and external fixation. J Orthop Trauma 1993;7(6):489–96.\

Galante, V. N., Vicenti, G., Corina, G., Mori, C., Abate, A., Picca, G., Conserva, V., Speciale, D., Scialpi, L., Tartaglia, N., & Caiaffa, V. (2016). Hybrid external fixation in the treatment of tibial pilon fractures: A retrospective analysis of 162 fractures. Injury, 1(47), S131–S137.

Article  Google Scholar 

Scaglione, M., Celli, F., Casella, F., & Fabbri, L. (2019). Tibial pilon fractures treated with hybrid external fixator: Analysis of 75 cases. Musculoskeletal surgery., 103(1), 83–89.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Demiralp, B., Atesalp, A. S., Bozkurt, M., Bek, D., Tasatan, E., Ozturk, C., & Basbozkurt, M. (2007). Sprial and oblique fractures of distal one-third of tibia-fibula: Treatment results with circular external fixator. Annals-Academy Of Medicine Singapore., 36(4), 267.

Google Scholar 

Fadel, M., Ahmed, M. A., Al-Dars, A. M., Maabed, M. A., & Shawki, H. (2015). Ilizarov external fixation versus plate osteosynthesis in the management of extra-articular fractures of the distal tibia. International orthopaedics., 39(3), 513–519.

Article  Google Scholar