Neuschwander-Tetri BA. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. BMC Med. 2017;15:45.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ballestri S, Mantovani A, Nascimbeni F, Lugari S, Lonardo A. Extra-hepatic manifestations and complications of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Future Med Chem. 2019;11:2171–92.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Byrne CD, Targher G. NAFLD: a multisystem disease. J Hepatol. 2015;62:S47–64.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Younossi ZM. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease - a global public health perspective. J Hepatol. 2019;70:531–44.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Younossi ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, Fazel Y, Henry L, Wymer M. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology. 2016;64:73–84.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Wieland AC, Mettler P, McDermott MT, Crane LA, Cicutto LC, Bambha KM. Low awareness of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among patients at high metabolic risk. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2015;49:e6–e10.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Alqahtani SA, Paik JM, Biswas R, Arshad T, Henry L, Younossi ZM. Poor awareness of liver disease among adults with NAFLD in the United States. Hepatol Commun. 2021;5:1833–47.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Bikbov MM, Fayzrakhmanov RR, Kazakbaeva GM, Zainullin RM, Arslangareeva II, Gilmanshin TR, et al. Prevalence, awareness and control of diabetes in Russia: the Ural eye and medical study on adults aged 40+ years. PLoS One. 2019;14:e0215636.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Xu Y, Wang L, He J, Bi Y, Li M, Wang T, et al. Prevalence and control of diabetes in Chinese adults. JAMA. 2013;310:948–59.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Menke A, Casagrande S, Geiss L, Cowie CC. Prevalence of and trends in diabetes among adults in the United States, 1988-2012. JAMA. 2015;314:1021–9.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Mills KT, Bundy JD, Kelly TN, Reed JE, Kearney PM, Reynolds K, et al. Global disparities of hypertension prevalence and control: a systematic analysis of population-based studies from 90 countries. Circulation. 2016;134:441–50.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Lazarus JV, Mark HE, Anstee QM, Arab JP, Batterham RL, Castera L, et al. Advancing the global public health agenda for NAFLD: a consensus statement. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;19:60–78.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Lemieux I, Pascot A, Couillard C, Lamarche B, Tchernof A, Alméras N, et al. Hypertriglyceridemic waist: a marker of the atherogenic metabolic triad (hyperinsulinemia; hyperapolipoprotein B; small, dense LDL) in men? Circulation. 2000;102:179–84.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Ding Y, Zhang M, Wang L, Yin T, Wang N, Wu J, et al. Association of the hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype and severity of acute pancreatitis. Lipids Health Dis. 2019;18:93.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Gomez-Huelgas R, Bernal-López MR, Villalobos A, Mancera-Romero J, Baca-Osorio AJ, Jansen S, et al. Hypertriglyceridemic waist: an alternative to the metabolic syndrome? Results of the IMAP study (multidisciplinary intervention in primary care). Int J Obes. 2011;35:292–9.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Ren Y, Zhang M, Zhao J, Wang C, Luo X, Zhang J, et al. Association of the hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype and type 2 diabetes mellitus among adults in China. J Diabetes Investig. 2016;7:689–94.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Zhao K, Yang SS, Wang HB, Chen K, Lu ZH, Mu YM. Association between the Hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype and prediabetes in Chinese adults aged 40 years and older. J Diabetes Res. 2018;2018:1031939.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen S, Guo X, Dong S, Yu S, Chen Y, Zhang N, et al. Association between the hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype and hyperuricemia: a cross-sectional study. Clin Rheumatol. 2017;36:1111–9.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Wang W, Shen C, Zhao H, Tang W, Yang S, Li J, et al. A prospective study of the hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype and risk of incident ischemic stroke in a Chinese rural population. Acta Neurol Scand. 2018;138:156–62.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Zeng J, Liu M, Wu L, Wang J, Yang S, Wang Y, et al. The Association of Hypertriglyceridemic Waist Phenotype with chronic kidney disease and its sex difference: a cross-sectional study in an urban Chinese elderly population. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13:1233.

PubMed Central  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tian YM, Ma N, Jia XJ, Lu Q. The “hyper-triglyceridemic waist phenotype” is a reliable marker for prediction of accumulation of abdominal visceral fat in Chinese adults. Eat Weight Disord. 2020;25:719–26.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Blackburn P, Lemieux I, Alméras N, Bergeron J, Côté M, Tremblay A, et al. The hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype versus the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III and international diabetes federation clinical criteria to identify high-risk men with an altered cardiometabolic risk profile. Metabolism. 2009;58:1123–30.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Hosseini SM, Mousavi S, Poursafa P, Kelishadi R. Risk score model for predicting sonographic non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children and adolescents. Iran J Pediatr. 2011;21:181–7.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu PJ, Lou HP, Zhu YN. Identification of hepatic steatosis in premenopausal and postmenopausal women based on phenotypes combining triglyceride levels and anthropometric indices: a cross-sectional study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2021;14:1339–47.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Zhou M, Li F, Tang H, Wu S, Meng L, Dong Y, et al. The hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype is associated with fatty liver and glycometabolic profiles in overweight and obese adults: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep. 2022;12:2410.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Okamura T, et al. Data from: ectopic fat obesity presents the greatest risk for incident type 2 diabetes: a population-based longitudinal study, Dryad, Dataset; 2019. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.8q0p192.

Book  Google Scholar 

Okamura T, Hashimoto Y, Hamaguchi M, Obora A, Kojima T, Fukui M. Ectopic fat obesity presents the greatest risk for incident type 2 diabetes: a population-based longitudinal study. Int J Obes. 2019;43:139–48.

Article  Google Scholar 

Choi JH, Sohn W, Cho YK. The effect of moderate alcohol drinking in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2020;26:662–9.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Hamaguchi M, Kojima T, Itoh Y, Harano Y, Fujii K, Nakajima T, et al. The severity of ultrasonographic findings in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease reflects the metabolic syndrome and visceral fat accumulation. Am J Gastroenterol Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:2708–15.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care. 2018;41:S13–27.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wax Y. Collinearity diagnosis for a relative risk regression analysis: an application to assessment of diet-cancer relationship in epidemiological studies. Stat Med. 1992;11:1273–87.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Fitchett EJA, Seale AC, Vergnano S, Sharland M, Heath PT, Saha SK, et al. Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology for newborn infection (STROBE-NI): an extension of the STROBE statement for neonatal infection research. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16:e202–13.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Yang KC, Hung HF, Lu CW, Chang HH, Lee LT, Huang KC. Association of non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with metabolic syndrome independently of central obesity and insulin resistance. Sci Rep. 2016;6:27034.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Paiva AA, Raposo HF, Wanschel AC, Nardelli TR, Oliveira HC. Apolipoprotein CIII overexpression-induced hypertriglyceridemia increases nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in association with inflammation and cell death. Oxidative Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:1838679.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ahmed A, Wong RJ, Harrison SA. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease review: diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13:2062–70.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Després JP, Lemieux I. Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome. Nature. 2006;444:881–7.

PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kalhan SC, Guo L, Edmison J, Dasarathy S, McCullough AJ, Hanson RW, et al. Plasma metabolomic profile in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism. 2011;60:404–13.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Gong Z, Tas E, Yakar S, Muzumdar R. Hepatic lipid metabolism and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in aging. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2017;455:115–30.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Vangipurapu J, Stancáková A, Jauhiainen R, Kuusisto J, Laakso M. Short adult stature predicts impaired β-cell function, insulin resistance, Glycemia, and type 2 diabetes in Finnish men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102:443–50.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Díaz-Santana MV, Suárez Pérez EL, Ortiz Martínez AP, Guzmán Serrano M, Pérez Cardona